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Acute stress. --- Behaviour. --- Core temperature. --- Corticosterone. --- Rat. --- Recovery. --- Stress. --- Stressor. --- Test.
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However, several sources of misinterpretation have to be considered before stress responses may be used as valid indicators of welfare. Although analogous to the human situation, especially chronic stress may impair welfare, most studies deal with acute stress and do not address chronic stress and related phenomena. Adaptation may counteract the initial stress response and render parameters of acute stress useless for assessing chronic stress. Adaptations to stress are thus in themselves indicative of reduced welfare. Such adaptations may be discovered by challenging a stress responsive system. Additional studies are recommended to investigate acute stress parameters as possible indicators of chronic stress. Differences in stressor properties and in individual characteristics of dogs introduce variability in stress responses. Such variability will complicate a valid interpretation of stress responses with regard to welfare. Obtaining and applying fundamental knowledge of stress responses in dogs and measuring more than one stress parameter are proposed to minimize the risk of misinterpreting measurements of stress. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V Poor housing conditions, harsh training sessions and uncontrollable or unpredictable social environments are examples of the situations that may lead to reduced welfare status in dogs. Individuals that suffer from poor welfare presumably experience stress and may consequently exhibit stress responses. In order to evaluate stress responses as potential indicators of poor welfare in dogs, we review studies dealing with dogs subjected to stressors. The reported stress responses are categorized as being behavioural, physiological or immunological, and demonstrate the various ways stress is manifested in the dog. Stressors such as noise, immobilization, training, novelty, transport or restricted housing conditions have been reported to elicit responses in behavioural, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, gastro-intestinal, and haematological parameters. These and other parameters that change during stress may thus be indicative of poor welfare.
Acute stress. --- Adaptation. --- Adrenal-cortical response. --- Behavioral stress. --- Behaviour. --- Boxes. --- Cardiovascular. --- Chronic stress. --- Clinically normal dogs. --- Conscious dogs. --- Cortisol. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Endocrine. --- Environment. --- Environments. --- Experience. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Human. --- Immunology. --- Motility. --- Neural control. --- Noise. --- Novelty. --- Parameters. --- Physiological. --- Physiology. --- Plasma. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Review. --- Risk. --- Situations. --- Social environment. --- Social. --- Stress response. --- Stress-response. --- Stress. --- Stressor. --- Stressors. --- System. --- Time. --- Training. --- Transport. --- Variability. --- Welfare.
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International migration, particularly to Europe, has increased in the last few decades, making research on aspects of this phenomenon, including numbers, challenges, and successes, particularly vital. This Special Issue highlights this necessary and relevant area of research. It presents 37 articles including studies on diverse topics relating to the health of refugees and migrants. Most articles (28) present studies focusing on European host countries. The focus on Europe is justified if we take into consideration the increased number of refugees and migrants who have come to Europe in recent years. However, there are also articles which present studies from countries in other continents. The topics discussed in the Issue include healthcare utilization, infectious diseases, mother and child health, mental health, and chronic diseases. Finding from the included articles indicate that further development of guidelines and policies at both local and international levels is needed. Priorities must be set by encouraging and funding in-depth research that aims to evaluate the impact of existing policies and interventions. Such research will help us formulate recommendations for the development of strategies and approaches that improve and strengthen the integration of migrants and refugees into the host countries.
young women --- healthcare system strengthening --- asylum --- migrant --- Tensta --- knowledge --- disparities --- health systems --- sexual and reproductive health --- schistosomiasis/schistosoma --- tuberculosis --- Africa --- pregnancy --- lifestyle behavior --- understanding of illness --- chronic disease --- treatment --- refugees women --- access --- hepatitis C --- communicable diseases --- linkage --- early trauma --- intercultural competence --- refugee and migrant (R&M) health --- immigrants --- help-seeking behavior --- medical care --- European Union --- CHB --- screening --- refugees --- infectious diseases --- Portuguese --- religiosity --- reception center --- discrimination --- HBV --- AIDS --- complementary feeding --- Italy --- training --- applicants for international protection --- VPD --- vegetable --- multidimensional intercultural training acculturation model (MITA) --- health care provision --- overweight --- health care --- North Korean refugees --- path analysis --- pain --- traumatic events --- Middle Eastern refugee adolescents --- pain perception --- migrants --- migration --- asylum seeker --- economic recession --- n/a --- education --- mental health --- migrant populations --- infant --- Greece --- triage --- health care professionals --- North African --- ambulance --- refugee crisis --- immigrant mothers --- Southeast Europe --- negative automatic thoughts --- refugee health --- cost effectiveness --- Germany --- vaccination --- care --- infection --- inequalities --- healthcare --- prevalence --- asylum seekers --- immigrant --- involuntary treatment --- family-oriented societies --- European Union (EU) --- immigration --- sexual violence --- health --- aggression --- systematic review --- protective factor --- economic crisis --- emergency medical service --- preparedness --- HIV --- culture --- refugee --- Chinese --- immunisation strategies --- breastfeeding --- vaccine hesitancy --- Rinkeby --- health survey --- primary healthcare system --- MMR vaccination --- strongyloidiasis/strongyloides --- psychiatric hospitalisation --- workplace violence --- psychiatric emergency services --- obesity --- sexual health --- medical service --- Europe --- refugee and migrant women --- emergency department --- experiences --- National Health System --- adolescent --- GRADE --- emergency care --- migrant health --- stigma --- fruit --- viral hepatitis elimination --- alcohol consumption --- Electronic Health Insurance Card --- disease prevention --- acute stress --- smoking --- post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) --- public health --- Polish --- confidence --- access to care --- LTBI --- risk factor --- autism --- IGRA --- physical activity --- doctor --- psychiatric hospitalization --- infectious disease --- screening/diagnosis --- failed asylum seekers --- depression --- measles --- Minority Health. --- Health Disparate, Minority and Vulnerable Populations. --- Refugees. --- Emigrants and Immigrants. 0 https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D054242 --- Social Conditions. --- Living Conditions --- Condition, Living --- Condition, Social --- Conditions, Living --- Conditions, Social --- Living Condition --- Social Condition --- Asylum Seekers --- Displaced Persons --- Internally Displaced Persons --- Political Asylum Seekers --- Political Refugees --- Asylum Seeker --- Asylum Seeker, Political --- Asylum Seekers, Political --- Displaced Person --- Displaced Person, Internally --- Displaced Persons, Internally --- Internally Displaced Person --- Person, Displaced --- Persons, Displaced --- Political Asylum Seeker --- Political Refugee --- Refugee --- Refugee, Political --- Refugees, Political --- Seeker, Asylum --- Seekers, Asylum --- Seekers, Political Asylum --- Health Disparate Populations --- Health Disparity Populations --- Health Disparity, Minority and Vulnerable Populations --- Minority Populations --- Health Disparate Population --- Health Disparity Population --- Minority Population --- Population, Health Disparate --- Population, Health Disparity --- Population, Minority --- Minority Health and Health Disparities Research and Education Act of 2000 --- Health, Minority --- Minority Groups --- Emigrants and Immigrants. --- Aliens --- Foreigners --- Emigrants --- Immigrants --- Alien --- Emigrant --- Foreigner --- Immigrant --- Immigrants and Emigrants --- Emigration and Immigration
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