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Les marches fonciers urbains et periurbains des villes d'Afrique de l'Ouest en expansion rapide operent dans des contextes ou coexistent des regimes fonciers differents et ou les procedures d'acces aux terrains sont complexes. Un cadre d'analyse faisant defaut jusqu'ici, ce livre propose une approche systemique et l'applique a la zone urbaine et periurbaine de Bamako et a son hinterland rural. La methode repose sur une analyse des differentes filieres d'approvisionnement en terres et identifie, depuis la mise en circulation des terres agricoles pour repondre aux besoins en terrains a usage residentiel, les changements de tenure et types de transactions qui accompagnent le passage aux terrains urbains, ainsi que les interactions entre les differentes filieres. L'analyse montre que l'approvisionnement en terre est a l'origine assuree par la filiere coutumiere, qui predomine dans les zones periurbaines, et par la filiere publique et parapublique ou l'Etat alloue des terrains a usage d'habitation aux individus ou les cede a des societes de promotion fonciere et immobilieres. Ces filieres alimentent la filiere privee formelle qui met ensuite sur le marche, a des prix eleves, des parcelles viabilisees avec titre de propriete. Les parcelles peuvent etre cedees successivement, avec un degre d'informalite qui depend de la tenure, de la legalite de la transaction et de son enregistrement. Alors que le developpement du marche formel est entrave par des facteurs structurels, le marche foncier informel offre peu de securite. Adapte aux revenus moyens et bas, le marche informel attire aussi les acheteurs aises et introduits aupres de l'administration et du pouvoir politique, et qui peuvent plus facilement obtenir une formalisation de la tenure. Prix des terrains et couts de transaction eleves, conflits fonciers, procedures de formalisation longues et complexes, et diversite des acteurs se combinent des lors pour entraver l'acces au foncier des pauvres en milieu urbain."

Access To Land --- French Translation --- Informal Settlements --- Land Administration --- Land Conflicts --- Land Delivery Channels --- Land Governance --- Land Markets --- Land Tenure Formalization --- Land Use Conversion --- Property Rights --- Urban Expansion

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Using multiple sources of national- and firm-level data around the world, this paper investigates how the effects of the business environment depend on whether themeasure is de jure or de facto, and how business environment effects differ by ownership and size. The paper compares estimates of business environment effects from three data sources, and modifies the priors on the relative importance of various elements of the business environment. Among four aspects of the business environment, at least two sets are robust and a third set does not contradict the other two: access to finance, electricity, internet, and human capital. The effects of de jure business environment indicators on firm performances depend on measures of contract enforcement. Foreign-owned firms benefit more from the maintenance of physical safety and ease in obtaining construction permits, and gain competitive advantage in productivity when domestic infrastructure or access to finance is worse. Relatively small firms benefit more from corruption control, basic and modern infrastructure, human capital, and land access. Relatively large firms benefit more from physical safety. Access to finance is important for the expansion of smaller firms and the productivity of large firms.

Access to Electricity --- Access to Land --- Business Environment --- Corruption --- Enterprise Development and Reform --- Firm Size --- Human Capital --- Infrastructure --- Internet Connectivity --- Ownership --- Private Sector Development --- Small and Medium Enterprises --- Small and Medium Size Enterprises --- State Capacity --- State-Owned Enterprises

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May 1999 - Which factors prevent the rural poor and other socially excluded groups from having access to land in Orissa, India? The authors report on the first empirical study of its kind to examine - from the perspective of transaction costs--factors that constrain access to land for the rural poor and other socially excluded groups in India. They find that: Land reform has reduced large landholdings since the 1950s. Medium size farms have gained most. Formidable obstacles still prevent the poor from gaining access to land; The complexity of land revenue administration in Orissa is partly the legacy of distinctly different systems, which produced more or less complete and accurate land records. These not-so-distant historical records can be important in resolving contemporary land disputes; Orissa tried legally to abolish land-leasing. Concealed tenancy persisted, with tenants having little protection under the law; Women's access to and control over land, and their bargaining power with their husbands about land, may be enhanced through joint land titling, a principle yet to be realized in Orissa; Land administration is viewed as a burden on the state rather than a service, and land records and registration systems are not coordinated. Doing so will improve rights for the poor and reduce transaction costs--but only if the system is transparent and the powerful do not retain the leverage over settlement officers that has allowed land grabs. Land in Orissa may be purchased, inherited, rented (leased), or--in the case of public land and the commons--encroached upon. Each type of transaction--and the State's response, through land law and administration--has implications for poor people's access to land. The authors find that: Land markets are thin and transaction costs are high, limiting the amount of agricultural land that changes hands; The fragmentation of landholdings into tiny, scattered plots is a brake on agricultural productivity, but efforts to consolidate land may discriminate against the rural poor. Reducing transaction costs in land markets will help; Protecting the rural poor's rights of access to common land requires raising public awareness and access to information; Liberalizing land-lease markets for the rural poor will help, but only if the poor are ensured access to institutional credit. This paper--a product of the Rural Development Sector Unit, South Asia Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to promote access to land and to foster more demand-driven and socially inclusive institutions in rural development. Robin Mearns may be contacted at rmearns@worldbank.org.

Access To Land --- Charges --- Common Property Resource Development --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Contracts --- Fees --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Forestry --- Grants --- Income --- Institutional Analysis --- Institutional Reform --- Institutional Reforms --- Land --- Land Tenure --- Land Use --- Land Use and Policies --- Poverty Reduction --- Public --- Public and Municipal Finance --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Revenue --- Revenue Collection --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction --- Social Exclusion --- State Governments --- States --- Subnational Governance --- Urban Areas --- Urban Development --- Urban Economics --- Urban Governance and Management

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This book focuses on the contemporary challenges faced by rural areas across the globe. These include common efforts to address food production and security; engaging with climate change and the fundamental transformations in everyday practices that this requires; the exodus of young people from rural areas; an ageing farming population; and the growth of rural poverty. The common goal throughout is one of exploring ways in which environmental, economic and social goals need to be addressed in a cohesive way while being cognizant of the diversity of people, environments, economies and traditions that exist across rural space.

family farm --- ageing farmers --- retirement --- succession --- emotions --- decision making --- belonging --- respect --- rural sustainability --- Northern Ireland --- multi-scale scenarios --- participatory scenario planning --- social-ecological system --- poverty alleviation --- land use change --- nature’s contributions to people --- Mozambique --- organics --- viability farm collaboration --- rural exodus --- rural livelihood --- rural migration --- rural youth --- generational renewal --- sustainability --- education --- Hungary --- access to land --- farming traditions --- older farmers --- wellbeing --- identity --- social gerontology --- age-friendly environments --- innovation --- rural development --- quality of life --- migration balance --- Eastern Moravia --- cross-border projects --- smallholder farmer --- input sourcing --- Tanzania --- poverty reduction --- grounded theory --- rural agriculture --- Special Areas of Conservation --- designation --- results-based payments --- farmer participation --- n/a --- nature's contributions to people

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This book focuses on the contemporary challenges faced by rural areas across the globe. These include common efforts to address food production and security; engaging with climate change and the fundamental transformations in everyday practices that this requires; the exodus of young people from rural areas; an ageing farming population; and the growth of rural poverty. The common goal throughout is one of exploring ways in which environmental, economic and social goals need to be addressed in a cohesive way while being cognizant of the diversity of people, environments, economies and traditions that exist across rural space.

Humanities --- Education --- family farm --- ageing farmers --- retirement --- succession --- emotions --- decision making --- belonging --- respect --- rural sustainability --- Northern Ireland --- multi-scale scenarios --- participatory scenario planning --- social-ecological system --- poverty alleviation --- land use change --- nature's contributions to people --- Mozambique --- organics --- viability farm collaboration --- rural exodus --- rural livelihood --- rural migration --- rural youth --- generational renewal --- sustainability --- education --- Hungary --- access to land --- farming traditions --- older farmers --- wellbeing --- identity --- social gerontology --- age-friendly environments --- innovation --- rural development --- quality of life --- migration balance --- Eastern Moravia --- cross-border projects --- smallholder farmer --- input sourcing --- Tanzania --- poverty reduction --- grounded theory --- rural agriculture --- Special Areas of Conservation --- designation --- results-based payments --- farmer participation