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Infrastructure is viewed as a crucial ingredient to foster growth and productivity. Amid the post-global financial crisis slowdown, Sub-Saharan Africa is in dire need to continue the growth momentum it experienced during the period of the Africa Rising narrative. An emerging consensus in the empirical literature is that, under the right circumstances, an adequate supply of infrastructure can help foster growth in the region. This paper provides a scorecard on infrastructure development in Sub-Saharan Africa over the past decades along four sectors (telecommunications, electric power, transportation, and water and sanitation) and three dimensions (quantity, quality, and access). First, it documents the existence of a large gap in infrastructure in the region-although the magnitude of the gap depends on the sector, dimension, and country/group. Second, the potential growth benefits from closing the infrastructure gap are large. Third, the infrastructure financing needs are very large, and the public sector so far is unable to meet these needs. Other options that involve the private sector may be available for the region. Finally, there is room for improving the efficiency of public infrastructure spending (that is, the quality of public investment management systems and procurement methods), which, in turn, may increase the output multiplier of investment spending.

Access To Services --- Access To Water --- Electric Power --- Electricity --- Energy --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Hydrology --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Infrastructure --- Railway --- Roadways --- Transport --- Water Resources

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Adequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in health care facilities plays a critical role in ensuring improved health care utilization and reducing disease burden due to reinfection. WASH in health facilities is now gaining momentum with the new SDG targets that governments have vowed to meet. This goal calls for a baseline examination of existing WASH conditions in health facilities. Using data collected through a census of all community health clinics in Bangladesh, this paper presents an analysis of the state of WASH in Bangladesh's rural, public health facilities highlighting that the lack of functionality of WASH facilities is a widespread problem across the country. The paper also identifies priority areas for action when considering the prevalence of poverty and chronic undernutrition at the upazilla level.

Access to Water --- Health Clinics --- Hygiene --- Rural Water Supply and Sanitation --- Sanitation --- SDGs --- Small Private Water Supply Providers --- Sustainable Development Goals --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Urban Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water and Human Health --- Water and Sanitation --- Water Resources --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Treatment and Quality

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This paper utilizes information from the 2015 Nigeria National Water and Sanitation Survey to identify the extent, timing, as well as reasons for the failure of water points. The paper finds that more than 38 percent of all improved water points are nonfunctional. The results indicate that nearly 27 percent of the water points are likely to fail in the first year of construction, while nearly 40 percent are likely to fail in the long run (after 8-10 years). The paper considers the reasons behind these failures, looking at whether they can or cannot be controlled. During the first year, a water point's location-the political region and underlying hydrogeology-has the greatest impact on functionality. Other factors-specifically, those that can be controlled in the design, implementation, and operational stages-also contribute significantly. As water points age, their likelihood of failure is best predicted by factors that cannot be modified, as well as by the technology used. The paper concludes that, to improve the sustainability of water points, much can be done at the design, implementation, and operational stages. Over time, technology upgrades are important.

Access To Water --- Drinking Water --- Engineering --- Environment --- Environmental Engineering --- Health and Sanitation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hydrology --- Inequality --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural & Small Town Water & Sanitation --- Rural Development --- Rural Water --- Rural Water Supply and Sanitation --- Safe Water Supply --- Sanitary Environmental Engineering --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Science and Technology Development --- Small Private Water Supply Providers --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water & Human Health --- Water And Sanitation --- Water Resources --- Water Schemes --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics

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According to the 2015 Tanzania Water Point Mapping data, about 29 percent of all water points are non-functional, out of which 20 percent failed within the first year. This paper analyzes the various factors which impact water point failure and measures the relative contributions of these determinants. The results indicate that water points managed by village committees had a much higher likelihood of failure than those managed by private operators or water authority. Factors that cannot be modified such as hydrogeological factors play a major role in determining water points failure during the first year after installation. However, management type as well as the type of pump and technology matter considerably more in the short and medium term.

Access to Water --- Drinking Water --- Engineering --- Environment --- Environmental Engineering --- Groundwater --- Health and Sanitation --- Hydrology --- Inequality --- Rural and Small Town Water and Sanitation --- Rural Development --- Rural Water --- Rural Water Supply and Sanitation --- Sanitary Environmental Engineering --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Small Private Water Supply Providers --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Village Water Supply --- Water and Human Health --- Water Points --- Water Resources --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics --- Water Utilities