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In the wake of the 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (Ebola) crisis, the international development community, including the World Bank Group (WBG), have taken various institutional and operational steps to improve the advice, investments, and financing instruments to support both the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency responses to infectious disease outbreaks. Several World Bank instruments have been developed or adapted to more promptly deliver financial resources. The objective of the study is to inform the design and implementation of financing for rapid response to outbreaks through an analysis of lessons learned from recent outbreaks in West and Central Africa. This report will explain the methodology used to collect and analyze study data. It will then review the background, findings, and observations on mobilizing domestic and external funds for response in light of the evolution of epidemics in West Africa, Nigeria, and Democratic Republic of the Congo. The report summarizes the recent changes and key remaining challenges globally and in select countries summarized by the four selected themes (governance, effective financing, efficient use of resources, and preparedness). This report then offers conclusions and recommendations from this qualitative study.

Access to Health Services --- Ebola

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The objective of this research is to identify the main social and cultural constraints in accessing reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health Services (RMNCHS) in Guinea-Bissau, to effectively improve their access and use by women and children. Additionally, the research also explores aspects related to female genital cutting (FGC or FGM) and girls' access to information on reproductive health. The demand barriers to improve access and coverage of quality of MCH services were previously listed as: (i) poor technical quality, (ii) poor responsiveness; (iii) high controversial costs; (iv) access/distance to health facilities; (v) use of traditional practices. These intertwine with supply side barriers such as: (i) weakness of training capacity; (ii) shortage of health professionals; (iii) inadequate referral system; and (iv) weak supply chain. Six major themes were researched and outlined in this paper: (i) use of health facilities (ante-natal care and delivery at home/health center (HC), women's secrets and men's, elderly women and the kingdom of the health center); (ii) access to health facilities (distance, transportation); (iii) the health center (staff competence, payments/gratuities, possible improvements); (iv) socio-cultural issues (gender, religious); (v) reproductive health and FGM (family planning); (vi) health staff: community health agent (CHA) (being a CHA, access to the health center, relationship with the HC and with the community, socio-cultural issues, reproductive health and FGM); and (vii) health staff: nurses (being a nurse, access to the health center, relationship with the community, socio-cultural issues, reproductive health and FGM).

Access to Health Services --- Child Health --- Family Planning --- Maternal Health

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This Country Gender Assessment (CGA) provides empirical evidence and analyses equality between the women and men of Georgia. Methodologically, the report adopts the Gender Assessment framework proposed by the World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development (WDR 2012) to analyze recent progress and pending challenges in gender equity, across three key dimensions: (a) endowments, (b) economic opportunities, and (c) agency and Voice. Based on this framework, extensive research was conducted to identify available data sources and empirical evidence, on indicators such as poverty, health, education, perceptions, and wellbeing, among others affecting gender equity in Georgia. In addition to its intrinsic value, promoting gender equality is a central priority to reduce poverty, boost shared prosperity, and advance the aspirations of the middle class. Georgia's development challenges entail adjusting and refining the country's growth paradigm, and translating economic growth to more rapid, sustainable poverty reductions (World Bank 2018a). However, sustained growth, poverty reduction, and shared prosperity require that economic gains improve welfare among all communities, households, and individuals (World Bank 2019). Promoting women's economic opportunities, access to endowments, and voice and agency is fundamental in tackling some of Georgia's main policy challenges, including raising labor productivity, integrating with the global economy, and invigorating stagnant rural areas (World Bank 2018a). Moreover, the socioeconomic impacts derived from the COVID-19 pandemic present countries with an inflexion point, to either enhance gender equality and benefit from its long-term benefits, or to risk losing fundamental progress in gender issues, and forego development opportunities in the future.

Access To Education --- Access To Health Services --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Gender --- Poverty --- Violence Against Women

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While Vietnam has now reached lower middle-income country status, the gaps between the ethnic minority population and the majority group are evident and widening over time. In addition, ethnic minority groups are different in terms of where they are in these gaps. This study attempts to examine why and how certain ethnic groups have managed to rise to the 'top' as 'best performers' while the other groups seem to stand on the 'bottom' as 'least performers. The key study questions are: (1) What are drivers of the socio-economic development of the different ethnic groups? (2) Why have some ethnic minority groups successfully managed to escape poverty while others have lagged far behind? (3) How have such factors have been addressed in the respective policies and designated programs or projects initiated by the Government of Vietnam, development partners, and other stakeholders? (3) What are the changes needed for future design and implementation of initiatives to support sustainable socio-economic development among ethnic minorities? This study adopts a mixed methodological approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods. In order to identify the top- and bottom-performing ethnic minorities, the 2015 Ethnic Minorities Socio-Economic Survey of 53 groups (53EMS) dataset was used to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) as two indicators of socio-economic development of the ethnic minorities.

Access to Education --- Access to Health Services --- Ethnic Minorities --- Labor Mobility

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A health protection system based on social health insurance has had a long tradition in Slovenia. Several forms of health insurance schemes were implemented from 1896 until 1992, when health care reform legislation was passed, establishing compulsory health insurance (CHI). CHI is provided by a single provider the Health Insurance Institute of Slovenia (HIIS), which is a public legal entity. Everyone with permanent residency in Slovenia is covered under the unique CHI scheme, either as a mandatory member or as a family dependent. The system is funded through CHI contributions of employees and employers (for the active population), and other required contributions (by the self-employed, farmers, pensioners, et cetera). The entire population is insured. Since the establishment of HIIS in 1992, the implementation of information and communications technologies (ICTs) to support key CHI processes has been a matter of strategic importance. HIIS has developed an information center to support CHI's key business processes. Infrastructure, applications, data, and security systems in the central public administration are being increasingly integrated to provide citizens with comprehensive services, and to facilitate their access to them. E-government is the area in which the expectations, needs, and habits of citizens are linked to the business processes of the public sector, as well as to e-business technological solutions. Because e-government projects in Slovenia have been introducing e-business into public administration over the past decade, the exchange of data between institutions has been improved and technologically updated.

Access to Health Services --- Health Insurance --- Health Service Management and Delivery --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Information and Communication Technologies