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Absorption of light by nonmetallic solids --- Exciton theory --- Solids

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This book takes a fresh, holistic approach to the problems of light absorption and absorbers in seawaters, discussing the fundamentals of light absorption at various depths in seawaters of different trophicity by absorbers of diverse origin. The authors have drawn their information from a substantial body of contemporary research results published in the subject literature (over 700 references) as well as their own work during the last 30 years. No other book presently available examines the issues of light absorption and absorbers in seawaters in such a manner. The book is intended primarily for students, engineers and scientists professionally involved with the marine environment; nevertheless, the authors hope that it will also find favor among all who take an interest in the nature of our Earth, especially the seas and oceans. The components most strongly differentiating the various types of sea/ocean waters from the optical point of view – the water itself, the organic and inorganic substances dissolved in it, and the manifold particles suspended in it – receive comprehensive treatment. The spectral absorption of light by pure water in its various states of matter and by atoms and ions of sea salt is also given ample coverage. The interaction of light with various kinds of organic molecules is analyzed in detail, as are the light absorption spectra of the principal groups of these substances present in the sea in dissolved form. The physical and chemical properties, as well as the optical constants, of organic and inorganic suspended particulate matter (SPM), are discussed in the context of their relationship to the light absorption properties of SPM. Special emphasis is placed on the role of the phytoplankton and the pigments it contains which are particularly strong and important absorbers of visible light in the sea. The authors are professors of physics with practical experience in the field of marine research going back 35 (BW) and 45 (JD) years. They are also the authors of a large number of research papers and several books, e.g., J. Dera, Marine Physics (Elsevier (The Netherlands) and PWN (Poland)), W. Smekot-Wensierski, B. Wozniak et al. Absorptionseigenschaften des marinen Phytoplanktons [Absorption properties of marine phytoplankton] (GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Germany).

Seawater --- Light absorption. --- Underwater light. --- Optical properties. --- Submarine light --- Underwater illumination --- Light --- Absorption of light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Opacity (Optics) --- Optical oceanography

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The interaction of radiation with matter is a fundamental process in the universe; in particular, the absorption and scattering of radiation by matter (the opacity) govern the formation, evolution, and structure of stars and planets.  But opacity is also important in many terrestrial applications in which radiation is the dominant means of energy transfer, such as controlled nuclear-fusion, laser ablation, atmospheric entry and reentry, and the "greenhouse" effect.  This book covers all aspects of opacity and equations of state for plasmas, gases, vapors, and dust and emphasizes the continuous transformation of phases and molecular compositions with changing density and temperature under conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) while preserving the basic abundances of the chemical elements in a mixture.

Opacity. --- Opacity (Optics) --- Light absorption --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Light & Optics --- Light absorption. --- Absorptivity (Optics) --- Density, Optical --- Optical density --- Absorption of light --- Light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Physics. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Observations. --- Optics --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Astronomy—Observations.

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This 3rd volume Light Scattering Reviews is devoted to modern knowledge and milestones in both experimental and theoretical techniques related to light scattering and radiative transport problems. It will consist of 3 parts comprising 11 contributions written by world leading experts in their respective fields. The general focus of the book will be on remote sensing of geophysical media. The first part will be devoted exclusively to studies of single light scattering by particles of different shapes and chemical compositions. The first chapter will review in situ measurements of cloud optical characteristics like cloud extinction and phase function, with the emphasis on ice clouds. Chapter 2 will cover opitcally soft particles common in marine environments and bio-suspensions while Chapter 3 will describe numerical techniques applicable not only to isotropic but also to chiral and anisotropic mdia. The final chapter in this part will deal with spatial symmetries in light scattering problems. This 3rd volume gives a valuable picture of recent developments in the areas of single light scattering, radiative transfer in particulate media and inverse problems of spherical atmospheres. It will further facilitate studies in light scattering media optics and be of importance for researchers across various scientific fields including astronomy, meteorology and geophysics. .

Light absorption. --- Light --- Particles --- Radiative transfer. --- Reflection (Optics) --- Scattering. --- Optical properties. --- Optics --- Rainbows --- Transfer, Radiative --- Astrophysics --- Geophysics --- Heat --- Radiation --- Transport theory --- Light scattering --- Scattering of light --- Diffusion --- Refraction --- Scattering (Physics) --- Absorption of light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Opacity (Optics) --- Radiation and absorption --- Geographical information systems. --- Physical geography. --- Ecology. --- Environmental sciences. --- Geographical Information Systems/Cartography. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Environmental Physics. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Math. Appl. in Environmental Science. --- Environmental science --- Science --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Geography --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Ecology --- Geophysics. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Physics

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In Aerosol Optics, Alexander Kokhanovsky provides a comprehensive review of available techniques for the remote sensing of aerosols. Although mostly satellite remote sensing is considered, ground-based techniques are also discussed. The work is founded on the solid basis of radiative transfer theory, coupled with Maxwell theory for the calculation of the scattering properties of small particles. IN particular, the author describes techniques for the determination of the column concentration of aerosol particles and their optical sizing using spaceborne optical instrumentation. The majority of the techniques described in this book use a so-called "library method". This method relies upon the precalculated top-of-atmosphere reflectances (TOAR) for vaious atmospheric aerosol types. The comparison of measured and calculated TOARS allows one to characterize the optically-equivalent aerosol state.

Atmospheric aerosols --- Light absorption. --- Optical properties. --- Remote sensing. --- Absorption of light --- Light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Opacity (Optics) --- Aerosols --- Atmospheric chemistry --- Environmental protection. --- Environmental sciences. --- Geophysics and Environmental Physics. --- Applied and Technical Physics. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Environment, general. --- Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection. --- Environmental science --- Science --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Geophysics. --- Physics. --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Air pollution. --- Environment. --- Radiation protection. --- Radiation --- Safety measures. --- Radiation—Safety measures. --- Radiation monitoring --- Radiation protection --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Atmosphere --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Pollution --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- New optics --- Optics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Physics --- Control --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Population biology --- Ecology