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Plastic (and microplastic) pollution has been described as one of the greatest environmental challenges of our time, and a hallmark of the human-driven epoch known as the Anthropocene. It has gained the attention of the general public, governments, and environmental scientists worldwide. To date, the main focus has been on plastics in the marine environment, but interest in the presence and effects of plastics in freshwaters has increased in the recent years. The occurrence of plastics within inland lakes and rivers, as well as their biota, has been demonstrated. Experiments with freshwater organisms have started to explore the direct and indirect effects resulting from plastic exposure. There is a clear need for further research, and a dedicated space for its dissemination. This book is devoted to highlighting current research from around the world on the prevalence, fate, and effects of plastic in freshwater environments.

Research & information: general --- plastics --- plastic debris --- African great lakes --- freshwater --- beach clean-up --- citizen science --- microplastic --- Enchytraeus crypticus --- enchytraeids --- avoidance test --- toxicity --- oxidative stress --- catalase --- glutathione S-transferase --- polyethylene --- Tubifex tubifex --- aquatic oligochetes --- mortality --- glutathione reductase --- peroxidase --- microplastic exposure --- freshwater environments --- microplastics --- Africa --- ingestion --- Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) --- catfish (Bagrus Bajad) --- fibers --- ATR-FTIR spectroscopy --- plastic pollution --- oysters --- Mississippi Sound --- fluorescence microscopy --- laser direct infrared analysis --- LDIR --- bulk water sampling --- Bonnet Carré Spillway --- dysbiosis --- microbiome --- Murntuluk / Catfish (Central NT, North NT SE52-03)

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Plastic (and microplastic) pollution has been described as one of the greatest environmental challenges of our time, and a hallmark of the human-driven epoch known as the Anthropocene. It has gained the attention of the general public, governments, and environmental scientists worldwide. To date, the main focus has been on plastics in the marine environment, but interest in the presence and effects of plastics in freshwaters has increased in the recent years. The occurrence of plastics within inland lakes and rivers, as well as their biota, has been demonstrated. Experiments with freshwater organisms have started to explore the direct and indirect effects resulting from plastic exposure. There is a clear need for further research, and a dedicated space for its dissemination. This book is devoted to highlighting current research from around the world on the prevalence, fate, and effects of plastic in freshwater environments.

plastics --- plastic debris --- African great lakes --- freshwater --- beach clean-up --- citizen science --- microplastic --- Enchytraeus crypticus --- enchytraeids --- avoidance test --- toxicity --- oxidative stress --- catalase --- glutathione S-transferase --- polyethylene --- Tubifex tubifex --- aquatic oligochetes --- mortality --- glutathione reductase --- peroxidase --- microplastic exposure --- freshwater environments --- microplastics --- Africa --- ingestion --- Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) --- catfish (Bagrus Bajad) --- fibers --- ATR-FTIR spectroscopy --- plastic pollution --- oysters --- Mississippi Sound --- fluorescence microscopy --- laser direct infrared analysis --- LDIR --- bulk water sampling --- Bonnet Carré Spillway --- dysbiosis --- microbiome --- n/a --- Bonnet Carré Spillway --- Murntuluk / Catfish (Central NT, North NT SE52-03)

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In the field of Analytical Chemistry and, in particular, whenever a quali-quantitative analysis is required, until a few years ago, reference was made exclusively to instrumental methods (more or less hyphenated) which, once validated, were able to provide the answers to the questions present, even if only in a limited way to analytical targets. Nowadays, the landscape has become considerably complicated (natural adulterants, assessment of geographical origin, sophistication, need for non-destructive analysis, search for often unknown compounds), and new procedures for processing data have greatly increased the potential of analyses that are conducted (even routinely) in the laboratory. In this scenario, chemometrics is master, able to manage and process a huge amount of information based both on data relating only to the analytes of interest, but also by applying “general” procedures to process raw untargeted analysis data. It is within this strand of analysis that many of the works reported in this Special Issue fall. In the succession of works in this printed version, the criterion that guided us was to highlight how—starting exclusively from chromatographic techniques (HPLC and GC) with conventional detectors and moving to exclusively spectroscopic techniques (MS, FT-IR and Raman)—it is possible arrive at extremely powerful coupled techniques and procedures (HPLC and FT-IR) able to meet research needs. Finally, at the end of the printed volume, there are two reviews that surveying the state of the art regarding the assessment of authenticity through qualitative analyses and the application of chemometrics in the pharmaceutical field in the study of forced drug degradation products. From the succession of works (and, above all, from the various application fields) it can immediately be seen how the application of chemometrics and its procedures to both raw and processed data is a powerful means of obtaining robust, reproducible, and predictive information. In this manner, it is possible to create models able to explain and respond to the original problem in a much more detailed way. , and Honghe through Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectra combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) methods. Melucci and collaborators apply chemometric approaches to non-destructive analysis of ATR-FT-IR for the determination of biosilica content. This value was directly evaluated in sediment samples, without any chemical alteration, using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and the quantification was performed by combining the multivariate standard addition method (MSAM) with the net analyte signal (NAS) procedure to solve the strong matrix effect of sediment samples. Still in the food and food supplements field, Anguebes-Franseschi and collaborators report an article where 10 chemometric models based on Raman spectroscopy were applied to predict the physicochemical properties of honey produced in the state of Campeche, Mexico.

Medicine --- Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis --- multivariate analysis --- chemometrics --- Fourier transform infrared --- amino acids --- reversed-phase liquid chromatography --- gradient elution --- retention prediction --- artificial neural network --- Macrohyporia cocos --- data fusion --- liquid chromatography --- fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- partial least squares discriminant analysis --- authentication --- Gastrodia elata tuber --- quality evaluation --- HPLC --- QAMS --- Ranae Oviductus --- identification --- protein --- RP-HPLC --- fingerprint --- fish and seafood --- food authentication --- fingerprinting --- wild and farmed --- geographical origin --- vibrational spectroscopy --- absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- hyperspectral imaging --- saffron --- adulteration --- food authenticity --- gas-chromatography --- eupatorin --- UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS --- metabolism --- in vivo and in vitro --- rat liver microsomes --- rat intestinal flora --- untargeted metabolomics --- PARAFAC2 --- alignment --- gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) --- prostate carcinoma --- forced degradation --- degradation products --- stress test --- diatoms --- biogenic silica --- ATR-FTIR --- NAS --- quality control --- Raman spectroscopy --- honey --- PLS regression models --- physicochemical parameters

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Atmospheric pressure plasma discharges have grown rapidly in importance in recent decades, due to the ease in handling and operation, plus their eco-friendly applications, for agriculture, food, medicine, materials and even the automotive and aerospace industries. In this context, the need for a collection of results based on plasma technologies is justified. Moreover, at the international level, the increased number of projects that translated to publications and patents in the multidisciplinary field of plasma-based technology gives researchers the opportunity to challenge their knowledge and contribute to a new era of green services and products that society demands. Therefore, this book, based on the Special Issue of “Frontiers in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology” in the “Applied Physics” section of the journal Applied Sciences, provides results on some plasma-based methods and technologies for novel and possible future applications of plasmas in life sciences, biomedicine, agriculture, and the automotive industry.This book, entitled “Frontiers in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Technology”, consists of 8 research articles, 2 review articles and 1 editorial. We know that we are only managing to address a small part of what plasma discharge can be used for, but we hope that the readers will enjoy this book and, therefore, be inspired with new ideas for future research in the field of plasma.

cold atmospheric pressure plasma --- antimicrobial agent --- plasma medicine --- dentistry --- atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) --- optical emission spectroscopy (OES) --- plasma-surface interactions --- local surface modification --- polymers --- functionalization --- atmospheric pressure plasma --- transdermal permeability --- transdermal delivery --- nitric oxide --- wounds --- biofilm --- plasma jet --- DBD plasma --- plasma jets --- plasma properties --- reactive species --- RONS --- non-thermal plasma --- transient spark --- electrospray --- plasma-activated water --- nitrous acid --- nitrites --- atmospheric pressure plasma jet --- plasma-wine making --- plasma treatment --- UV-Vis spectroscopy --- ATR-FTIR spectroscopy --- bio-medicine application --- cold gas-discharge plasma --- digital holography --- digital holographic interferometry --- plasma diagnostics --- CAP --- electric diagnosis --- E-field measurements --- vacuum-ultraviolet spectroscopy --- patient leakage current --- power measurement --- voltage-charge plot --- OES --- bio-medical plasma applications --- surface-wave-sustained discharge --- microwave discharge --- cold atmospheric plasma --- microwave plasma torch --- n/a

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In the field of Analytical Chemistry and, in particular, whenever a quali-quantitative analysis is required, until a few years ago, reference was made exclusively to instrumental methods (more or less hyphenated) which, once validated, were able to provide the answers to the questions present, even if only in a limited way to analytical targets. Nowadays, the landscape has become considerably complicated (natural adulterants, assessment of geographical origin, sophistication, need for non-destructive analysis, search for often unknown compounds), and new procedures for processing data have greatly increased the potential of analyses that are conducted (even routinely) in the laboratory. In this scenario, chemometrics is master, able to manage and process a huge amount of information based both on data relating only to the analytes of interest, but also by applying “general” procedures to process raw untargeted analysis data. It is within this strand of analysis that many of the works reported in this Special Issue fall. In the succession of works in this printed version, the criterion that guided us was to highlight how—starting exclusively from chromatographic techniques (HPLC and GC) with conventional detectors and moving to exclusively spectroscopic techniques (MS, FT-IR and Raman)—it is possible arrive at extremely powerful coupled techniques and procedures (HPLC and FT-IR) able to meet research needs. Finally, at the end of the printed volume, there are two reviews that surveying the state of the art regarding the assessment of authenticity through qualitative analyses and the application of chemometrics in the pharmaceutical field in the study of forced drug degradation products. From the succession of works (and, above all, from the various application fields) it can immediately be seen how the application of chemometrics and its procedures to both raw and processed data is a powerful means of obtaining robust, reproducible, and predictive information. In this manner, it is possible to create models able to explain and respond to the original problem in a much more detailed way. , and Honghe through Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectra combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) methods. Melucci and collaborators apply chemometric approaches to non-destructive analysis of ATR-FT-IR for the determination of biosilica content. This value was directly evaluated in sediment samples, without any chemical alteration, using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and the quantification was performed by combining the multivariate standard addition method (MSAM) with the net analyte signal (NAS) procedure to solve the strong matrix effect of sediment samples. Still in the food and food supplements field, Anguebes-Franseschi and collaborators report an article where 10 chemometric models based on Raman spectroscopy were applied to predict the physicochemical properties of honey produced in the state of Campeche, Mexico.

Medicine --- Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis --- multivariate analysis --- chemometrics --- Fourier transform infrared --- amino acids --- reversed-phase liquid chromatography --- gradient elution --- retention prediction --- artificial neural network --- Macrohyporia cocos --- data fusion --- liquid chromatography --- fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- partial least squares discriminant analysis --- authentication --- Gastrodia elata tuber --- quality evaluation --- HPLC --- QAMS --- Ranae Oviductus --- identification --- protein --- RP-HPLC --- fingerprint --- fish and seafood --- food authentication --- fingerprinting --- wild and farmed --- geographical origin --- vibrational spectroscopy --- absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- hyperspectral imaging --- saffron --- adulteration --- food authenticity --- gas-chromatography --- eupatorin --- UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS --- metabolism --- in vivo and in vitro --- rat liver microsomes --- rat intestinal flora --- untargeted metabolomics --- PARAFAC2 --- alignment --- gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) --- prostate carcinoma --- forced degradation --- degradation products --- stress test --- diatoms --- biogenic silica --- ATR-FTIR --- NAS --- quality control --- Raman spectroscopy --- honey --- PLS regression models --- physicochemical parameters --- Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis --- multivariate analysis --- chemometrics --- Fourier transform infrared --- amino acids --- reversed-phase liquid chromatography --- gradient elution --- retention prediction --- artificial neural network --- Macrohyporia cocos --- data fusion --- liquid chromatography --- fourier transform infrared spectroscopy --- partial least squares discriminant analysis --- authentication --- Gastrodia elata tuber --- quality evaluation --- HPLC --- QAMS --- Ranae Oviductus --- identification --- protein --- RP-HPLC --- fingerprint --- fish and seafood --- food authentication --- fingerprinting --- wild and farmed --- geographical origin --- vibrational spectroscopy --- absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- hyperspectral imaging --- saffron --- adulteration --- food authenticity --- gas-chromatography --- eupatorin --- UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS --- metabolism --- in vivo and in vitro --- rat liver microsomes --- rat intestinal flora --- untargeted metabolomics --- PARAFAC2 --- alignment --- gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) --- prostate carcinoma --- forced degradation --- degradation products --- stress test --- diatoms --- biogenic silica --- ATR-FTIR --- NAS --- quality control --- Raman spectroscopy --- honey --- PLS regression models --- physicochemical parameters