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Air source heat pump systems. --- ASHP systems --- Heat pumps

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Buildings are one of the main causes of the emission of greenhouse gases in the world. Europe alone is responsible for more than 30% of emissions, or about 900 million tons of CO2 per year. Heating and air conditioning are the main cause of greenhouse gas emissions in buildings. Most buildings currently in use were built with poor energy efficiency criteria or, depending on the country and the date of construction, none at all. Therefore, regardless of whether construction regulations are becoming stricter, the real challenge nowadays is the energy rehabilitation of existing buildings. It is currently a priority to reduce (or, ideally, eliminate) the waste of energy in buildings and, at the same time, supply the necessary energy through renewable sources. The first can be achieved by improving the architectural design, construction methods, and materials used, as well as the efficiency of the facilities and systems; the second can be achieved through the integration of renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal, etc.) in buildings. In any case, regardless of whether the energy used is renewable or not, the efficiency must always be taken into account. The most profitable and clean energy is that which is not consumed.

artificial neural network --- thermal performance --- dynamic simulation --- building renovation --- zero energy building --- building --- energy productivity --- building sector --- three-phase unbalance minimization --- optimization --- seasonal performance factor (SPF) --- envelope transmittance --- demolition --- envelope airtightness --- building energy prediction --- energy --- Korean household energy consumption --- floor envelope design --- building refurbishment --- perturbation and observation --- glazing --- ground and water source heat pump (ASHP --- sensitivity --- energy efficiency promotion --- model predictive control --- renovation --- home energy management system --- energy tunnel --- performance parameter design --- air --- coefficient of performance (COP) --- Arab region --- building rehabilitation --- ground heat transfer --- residential buildings --- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB) --- policy design --- building user activity --- Leadership in Energy &amp --- lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) --- energy renovation --- energy performance --- urban modelling --- Maghreb --- analytical hierarchy process --- surface cooling --- thermal insulation --- Level(s) --- subtropical climate --- energy efficiency --- green building rating systems --- Ipomoea batatas --- big data --- life cycle cost analysis --- domestic hot water (DHW) --- multi-family buildings --- greenhouse --- building energy --- passive architecture --- prediction --- Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE) --- Minimum-Energy Building (MEB) --- energy modeling --- Mashreq --- simulation engines --- HVAC demand --- test method --- adjustable step size --- life cycle cost --- energy saving ratio --- Environmental Design (LEED) --- influencing factors --- GSHP and WSHP) --- energy use --- subtropical climate building --- single-person household --- heat load --- energy performance standard --- technology package --- energy-performance gap --- GCC --- Building Research Establishment Assessment Method (BREEAM) --- energy pile --- nearly zero energy building --- co-simulation --- new construction --- space heating --- building stock energy demand --- low power loss --- maximum power point tracking --- envelope thermography --- extensive green roof --- OPERA-MILP