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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents the most common form of dementia in the elderly population worldwide. AD is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration that leads to a gradual deterioration of memory and other cognitive functions. Given the global prevalence and impact of AD, there is a critical need to establish biomarkers that can be used to detect AD in individuals before the onset of clinical signs and provide mitigating therapeutics. The aim of this Special Issue is to discuss the current knowledge as well as future perspectives on the role of biomarkers in the screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of AD.

Medicine --- flotillin --- Alzheimer's disease --- biomarker --- exosomes --- beta-amyloid --- Tau --- aging --- biomarkers --- cytokines --- cognitive decline --- metabolomics --- neuroinflammation --- multivariate analysis --- physical performance --- person-tailored --- PET/CT --- (18F)FDG --- neuropsychological assessment --- APP mutations --- APOE alleles --- PSEN1 --- PSEN2 --- germline mutations --- late onset AD --- early onset AD --- familial AD --- genetics of AD --- mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity --- mitochondrial --- membrane potential --- glycolytic reserve --- semantic memory --- phonemic fluency --- episodic memory --- neuropsychology --- neuroimaging --- Alzheimer's disease --- mild cognitive impairment --- EEG --- TMS --- obesity --- diabetes --- inflammation --- Amyloid Beta --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- nutrition --- omega-3 fatty acids --- antioxidant --- carotenoids --- vitamin E --- cognition --- older adults --- ageing --- subjective cognitive decline --- clock genes --- Clock --- ApoE --- cardiovascular risk factors --- Alzheimer disease --- semantic priming --- amyloid beta --- cerebrospinal fluid --- amyloid beta peptide --- total tau --- phosphorylated tau --- diagnosis --- drug development --- clinical trials --- diagnostic research --- virus --- bacteria --- dementia --- blood --- behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) --- Alzheimer's disease (AD) --- neuropsychiatry inventory scale (NPI) --- endophenotypes --- CART analysis --- MTHFR --- APOE --- COMT --- genetic variants --- early diagnosis --- biofluids --- amyloid cascade hypothesis --- glucose metabolism --- adipose tissue dysfunction --- energetic metabolism --- lysosomes dysfunction --- Type-3-Diabetes --- neurodegeneration --- amyloid --- tau --- soluble TREM2 --- NfL --- Multiplex --- SiMoA --- diagnostics --- messenger RNA --- microRNA --- neurotropic microbes --- precision medicine --- prognostics --- synaptic biomarkers --- neurofilament light chain --- flotillin --- Alzheimer's disease --- biomarker --- exosomes --- beta-amyloid --- Tau --- aging --- biomarkers --- cytokines --- cognitive decline --- metabolomics --- neuroinflammation --- multivariate analysis --- physical performance --- person-tailored --- PET/CT --- (18F)FDG --- neuropsychological assessment --- APP mutations --- APOE alleles --- PSEN1 --- PSEN2 --- germline mutations --- late onset AD --- early onset AD --- familial AD --- genetics of AD --- mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity --- mitochondrial --- membrane potential --- glycolytic reserve --- semantic memory --- phonemic fluency --- episodic memory --- neuropsychology --- neuroimaging --- Alzheimer's disease --- mild cognitive impairment --- EEG --- TMS --- obesity --- diabetes --- inflammation --- Amyloid Beta --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- nutrition --- omega-3 fatty acids --- antioxidant --- carotenoids --- vitamin E --- cognition --- older adults --- ageing --- subjective cognitive decline --- clock genes --- Clock --- ApoE --- cardiovascular risk factors --- Alzheimer disease --- semantic priming --- amyloid beta --- cerebrospinal fluid --- amyloid beta peptide --- total tau --- phosphorylated tau --- diagnosis --- drug development --- clinical trials --- diagnostic research --- virus --- bacteria --- dementia --- blood --- behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) --- Alzheimer's disease (AD) --- neuropsychiatry inventory scale (NPI) --- endophenotypes --- CART analysis --- MTHFR --- APOE --- COMT --- genetic variants --- early diagnosis --- biofluids --- amyloid cascade hypothesis --- glucose metabolism --- adipose tissue dysfunction --- energetic metabolism --- lysosomes dysfunction --- Type-3-Diabetes --- neurodegeneration --- amyloid --- tau --- soluble TREM2 --- NfL --- Multiplex --- SiMoA --- diagnostics --- messenger RNA --- microRNA --- neurotropic microbes --- precision medicine --- prognostics --- synaptic biomarkers --- neurofilament light chain

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents the most common form of dementia in the elderly population worldwide. AD is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration that leads to a gradual deterioration of memory and other cognitive functions. Given the global prevalence and impact of AD, there is a critical need to establish biomarkers that can be used to detect AD in individuals before the onset of clinical signs and provide mitigating therapeutics. The aim of this Special Issue is to discuss the current knowledge as well as future perspectives on the role of biomarkers in the screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of AD.

flotillin --- Alzheimer’s disease --- biomarker --- exosomes --- beta-amyloid --- Tau --- aging --- biomarkers --- cytokines --- cognitive decline --- metabolomics --- neuroinflammation --- multivariate analysis --- physical performance --- person-tailored --- PET/CT --- (18F)FDG --- neuropsychological assessment --- APP mutations --- APOE alleles --- PSEN1 --- PSEN2 --- germline mutations --- late onset AD --- early onset AD --- familial AD --- genetics of AD --- mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity --- mitochondrial --- membrane potential --- glycolytic reserve --- semantic memory --- phonemic fluency --- episodic memory --- neuropsychology --- neuroimaging --- Alzheimer's disease --- mild cognitive impairment --- EEG --- TMS --- obesity --- diabetes --- inflammation --- Amyloid Beta --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- nutrition --- omega-3 fatty acids --- antioxidant --- carotenoids --- vitamin E --- cognition --- older adults --- ageing --- subjective cognitive decline --- clock genes --- Clock --- ApoE --- cardiovascular risk factors --- Alzheimer disease --- semantic priming --- amyloid beta --- cerebrospinal fluid --- amyloid beta peptide --- total tau --- phosphorylated tau --- diagnosis --- drug development --- clinical trials --- diagnostic research --- virus --- bacteria --- dementia --- blood --- behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) --- Alzheimer’s disease (AD) --- neuropsychiatry inventory scale (NPI) --- endophenotypes --- CART analysis --- MTHFR --- APOE --- COMT --- genetic variants --- early diagnosis --- biofluids --- amyloid cascade hypothesis --- glucose metabolism --- adipose tissue dysfunction --- energetic metabolism --- lysosomes dysfunction --- Type-3-Diabetes --- neurodegeneration --- amyloid --- tau --- soluble TREM2 --- NfL --- Multiplex --- SiMoA --- diagnostics --- messenger RNA --- microRNA --- neurotropic microbes --- precision medicine --- prognostics --- synaptic biomarkers --- neurofilament light chain --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease (AD)

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Although regular moderate-intensity exercise can activate important cell adaptive properties, sporadic and strenuous bouts of exercise may induce oxidative stress due to an augmented production of reactive metabolites of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen free radical species (RNS). Exercise-induced free radical formation may impair cell function by oxidatively modifying nucleic acids, where DNA damage and insufficient repair may lead to genomic instability. Likewise, lipid and protein damage are significant cellular events that can elicit potentially toxic perturbations in cellular homeostasis. This book focuses on aspects of exercise-induced oxidative stress while taking into consideration the basic mechanisms, consequences and function of ROS production, and whether antioxidants may either support or hinder these responses.

ApoE --- exercise --- antioxidants --- oxidative stress --- cognition --- motor --- vitamin E --- vitamin C --- aging --- Alzheimer’s disease --- lymphocytes --- mitochondrial transmembrane potential decline --- thiobarbituric acid reactive substance --- protein carbonyl --- skeletal muscle --- obesity --- fatigue --- diazoxide --- catalase --- superoxide dismutase --- oxidized glutathione --- reduced glutathione --- hemoglobin --- power output --- eccentric exercise --- redox status --- erythrocyte --- metabolism --- probiotics --- physical exercise --- male cyclists --- oxidative stress biomarkers --- antioxidative enzymes --- ultraendurance exercise --- muscle injury --- diet --- reactive oxygen species --- adipose tissue --- antioxidant supplement --- circadian rhythms --- reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) --- exercise training --- antioxidant --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease

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Although regular moderate-intensity exercise can activate important cell adaptive properties, sporadic and strenuous bouts of exercise may induce oxidative stress due to an augmented production of reactive metabolites of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen free radical species (RNS). Exercise-induced free radical formation may impair cell function by oxidatively modifying nucleic acids, where DNA damage and insufficient repair may lead to genomic instability. Likewise, lipid and protein damage are significant cellular events that can elicit potentially toxic perturbations in cellular homeostasis. This book focuses on aspects of exercise-induced oxidative stress while taking into consideration the basic mechanisms, consequences and function of ROS production, and whether antioxidants may either support or hinder these responses.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- ApoE --- exercise --- antioxidants --- oxidative stress --- cognition --- motor --- vitamin E --- vitamin C --- aging --- Alzheimer's disease --- lymphocytes --- mitochondrial transmembrane potential decline --- thiobarbituric acid reactive substance --- protein carbonyl --- skeletal muscle --- obesity --- fatigue --- diazoxide --- catalase --- superoxide dismutase --- oxidized glutathione --- reduced glutathione --- hemoglobin --- power output --- eccentric exercise --- redox status --- erythrocyte --- metabolism --- probiotics --- physical exercise --- male cyclists --- oxidative stress biomarkers --- antioxidative enzymes --- ultraendurance exercise --- muscle injury --- diet --- reactive oxygen species --- adipose tissue --- antioxidant supplement --- circadian rhythms --- reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) --- exercise training --- antioxidant --- ApoE --- exercise --- antioxidants --- oxidative stress --- cognition --- motor --- vitamin E --- vitamin C --- aging --- Alzheimer's disease --- lymphocytes --- mitochondrial transmembrane potential decline --- thiobarbituric acid reactive substance --- protein carbonyl --- skeletal muscle --- obesity --- fatigue --- diazoxide --- catalase --- superoxide dismutase --- oxidized glutathione --- reduced glutathione --- hemoglobin --- power output --- eccentric exercise --- redox status --- erythrocyte --- metabolism --- probiotics --- physical exercise --- male cyclists --- oxidative stress biomarkers --- antioxidative enzymes --- ultraendurance exercise --- muscle injury --- diet --- reactive oxygen species --- adipose tissue --- antioxidant supplement --- circadian rhythms --- reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) --- exercise training --- antioxidant

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Dear colleagues, This Special Issue, “Endothelial Dysfunction: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches”, focuses on the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction, new biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction related to cardiovascular disorders or tumors, and novel therapeutic approaches for endothelial dysfunctions. Vascular endothelium is an active tissue and plays a crucial role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Chronic exposure to risk factors, such as hypertension, high cholesterolemia, or oxidative stress, induces endothelial dysfunctions and results in a loss of endothelial integrity, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and macrophage recruitment. The pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction (ED) is complex and multi-factorial factors are involved, such as oxidative stress or chronic inflammation. The primary prevention of cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial dysfunctions, as well as the early detection of or molecular imaging techniques for endothelial dysfunction, helps to prevent the development of cardiovascular disorders. Novel therapeutic approaches or drug delivery systems for endothelial dysfunctions have had promising beneficial effects in preclinical or clinical levels by affecting the progression of atherosclerotic changes, tumor angiogenesis, and host–immune reactions near tumor environments.

Technology: general issues --- Biotechnology --- endothelial cells --- oxidative stress --- inflammageing --- endothelial dysfunction --- aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 --- cardiovascular disease --- neurovascular disease --- vascular inflammation --- APE1/Ref-1 --- cardiovascular diseases --- subcellular localization --- serological biomarkers --- atherosclerosis --- aerobic exercise --- PCSK9 --- LOX-1 --- insulin resistance --- macrophage polarity --- serum γ-glutamyltransferase --- essential hypertension --- cardiovascular risk factors --- angiogenesis --- nargenicin A1 --- compound 9 --- VEGF --- VEGFR2 --- HIF-1α --- electronegative low-density lipoprotein --- LDL(-) --- L5 LDL --- oxidized LDL --- oxLDL --- ADMA --- arginine --- arginine paradox --- BH4 --- blood pressure --- COVID-19 --- dietary supplements --- endothelium --- eNOS uncoupling --- heart failure --- hypertension --- L-arginine --- myocardial infarction --- NADPH --- nitric oxide --- peripheral artery disease --- ApoE knockout mouse --- atorvastatin --- VCAM-1 --- galectin-3 --- neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio --- electronegative LDL --- LDL(−) --- lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 --- dyslipidemia --- chronic venous insufficiency --- prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) --- inflammation --- endothelial disfunction --- lung disease --- endothelial to mesenchymal transition --- pulmonary hypertension --- pulmonary fibrosis --- metformin --- diabetes --- CV risk --- hyperglycemia --- glycated lipoproteins --- glycated LDL --- glycated HDL --- endothelial cell dysfunction --- molecular mechanisms --- epigenetic factors --- therapeutic approaches --- vasoactive factors --- EndoMT --- TGF-β --- epigenetics --- endothelial cell --- glycolysis --- metabolism --- pathological angiogenesis --- tumor microenvironment --- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) --- high-fat diets --- plaque burden --- low-level laser therapy --- phototherapy --- vascular disease --- healing --- ischemia --- vascular calcification --- chronic kidney disease --- CKD --- uremic toxins --- hyperphosphatemia --- vascular smooth muscle cells --- VSMCs --- macrophages --- endothelial cells --- oxidative stress --- inflammageing --- endothelial dysfunction --- aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 --- cardiovascular disease --- neurovascular disease --- vascular inflammation --- APE1/Ref-1 --- cardiovascular diseases --- subcellular localization --- serological biomarkers --- atherosclerosis --- aerobic exercise --- PCSK9 --- LOX-1 --- insulin resistance --- macrophage polarity --- serum γ-glutamyltransferase --- essential hypertension --- cardiovascular risk factors --- angiogenesis --- nargenicin A1 --- compound 9 --- VEGF --- VEGFR2 --- HIF-1α --- electronegative low-density lipoprotein --- LDL(-) --- L5 LDL --- oxidized LDL --- oxLDL --- ADMA --- arginine --- arginine paradox --- BH4 --- blood pressure --- COVID-19 --- dietary supplements --- endothelium --- eNOS uncoupling --- heart failure --- hypertension --- L-arginine --- myocardial infarction --- NADPH --- nitric oxide --- peripheral artery disease --- ApoE knockout mouse --- atorvastatin --- VCAM-1 --- galectin-3 --- neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio --- electronegative LDL --- LDL(−) --- lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 --- dyslipidemia --- chronic venous insufficiency --- prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) --- inflammation --- endothelial disfunction --- lung disease --- endothelial to mesenchymal transition --- pulmonary hypertension --- pulmonary fibrosis --- metformin --- diabetes --- CV risk --- hyperglycemia --- glycated lipoproteins --- glycated LDL --- glycated HDL --- endothelial cell dysfunction --- molecular mechanisms --- epigenetic factors --- therapeutic approaches --- vasoactive factors --- EndoMT --- TGF-β --- epigenetics --- endothelial cell --- glycolysis --- metabolism --- pathological angiogenesis --- tumor microenvironment --- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) --- high-fat diets --- plaque burden --- low-level laser therapy --- phototherapy --- vascular disease --- healing --- ischemia --- vascular calcification --- chronic kidney disease --- CKD --- uremic toxins --- hyperphosphatemia --- vascular smooth muscle cells --- VSMCs --- macrophages