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This Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship Issue (volume 1) consist of manuscripts, including original research, review articles, case series, and opinion papers for topics related to antimicrobial (antibiotic, antifungal) stewardship, including: Disease-based/organism-based antimicrobial stewardship; Diagnostic stewardship; Influence of antimicrobial utilisation changes in antimicrobial resistance; Impact of antimicrobial stewardship on quality performance measures and patient outcomes; Novel antimicrobial stewardship education and training approaches or interventions aimed at the public and/or healthcare workers; Behavioural change approaches to antimicrobial stewardship; Collaborative practice agreements in antimicrobial stewardship; Antimicrobial stewardship in special populations (e.g., paediatrics, geriatrics, emergency medicine, hematology/oncology); Tackling AMR through antimicrobial stewardship in low- and middle-income countries; Antimicrobial stewardship for animal health; Antimicrobial stewardship in alternative settings (e.g., community practice, long-term care, and resource-limited small and rural hospitals); Antimicrobial use and stewardship in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; Global collaborations to tackle AMR through antimicrobial stewardship.

Antibiotics. --- Anti-infective agents.

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Anti-infective agents. --- Biochemistry.

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Infectious microbial agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites can cause pathological disorders and even death in organisms exposed to the environment. However, organisms have an immune system to control infection caused by pathogens. The immune system is divided into the innate and the adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system is the first mechanism to respond to infections, whereas the adaptive immune system is based on immune memory. This book provides an overview of antiviral and antibacterial immune responses in different immune-reactive organs and across different animal species, from higher to lower vertebrates.

Anti-infective agents.

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Anti-infective agents.

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Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. have not only got pathogenic isolates, but also non-pathogenic isolates. Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. that are Gram positive cocci are the main pathogens in several infections. Virulence factors such as usual and unusual surface proteins encoded by resistance genes are the main causes of pathogenesis. Multidrug-resistant pathogens that are the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide have the ability to synthesize a number of destructive enzymes encoded by resistance genes such as ?-lactamases. Resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group A, and Group B Streptococcus have emerged throughout the world. To eliminate these resistant pathogens that cause untreatable, acute, and chronic infections, different new antimicrobials must be developed and used. The goal of this book is to provide the latest information about the above topics.

Anti-infective agents.