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This paper studies the effect of increased access to antiretroviral therapy on risky sexual behavior, using data collected in Mozambique in 2007 and 2008. The survey sampled both households of randomly selected HIV positive individuals and households from the general population. Controlling for unobserved individual characteristics, the findings support the hypothesis of disinhibition behaviors, whereby risky sexual behaviors increase in response to the perceived changes in risk associated with increased access to antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, men and women respond differently to the perceived changes in risk. In particular, risky behaviors increase for men who believe, wrongly, that AIDS can be cured, while risky behaviors increase for women who believe, correctly, that antiretroviral therapy can treat AIDS but cannot cure it. The findings suggest that scaling up access to antiretroviral therapy without prevention programs may not be optimal if the objective is to contain the disease, since people would adjust their sexual behavior in response to the perceived changes in risk. Therefore, prevention programs need to include educational messages about antiretroviral therapy, and address the changing beliefs about HIV in the era of increasing antiretroviral therapy availability.

Abstinence --- Adolescent Health --- AIDS Treatment --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Gender Difference --- Health Facility --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV AIDS --- HIV Positive --- Individual Characteristics --- Population Policies --- Risky Sexual Behaviors --- Safe Sex --- Use of Condoms --- Voluntary Counseling

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Infectious diseases. Communicable diseases --- AIDS (Disease) --- Sida --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. --- HIV Infections. --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome --- therapy. --- AIDS & HIV. --- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome --- Acquired immunological deficiency syndrome --- HTLV-III Infections --- HTLV-III-LAV Infections --- T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infections, Human --- HIV Infection --- HTLV III Infections --- HTLV III LAV Infections --- HTLV-III Infection --- HTLV-III-LAV Infection --- Infection, HIV --- Infection, HTLV-III --- Infection, HTLV-III-LAV --- Infections, HIV --- Infections, HTLV-III --- Infections, HTLV-III-LAV --- T Lymphotropic Virus Type III Infections, Human --- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome --- Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome --- AIDS --- Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome --- Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes --- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes --- Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome, Acquired --- Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes, Acquired --- Immunodeficiency Syndromes, Acquired --- Syndrome, Acquired Immuno-Deficiency --- Syndrome, Acquired Immunodeficiency --- Syndromes, Acquired Immuno-Deficiency --- Syndromes, Acquired Immunodeficiency --- HIV-1 --- AIDS --- HIV prevention --- AIDS treatment strategies --- HIV infections --- Immunological deficiency syndromes --- Virus-induced immunosuppression --- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes --- AIDS Arteritis, Central Nervous System --- HIV Coinfection --- Coinfection, HIV --- Coinfections, HIV --- HIV Coinfections --- Allergy --- allergieën --- besmettelijke ziekten --- Clinical Immunology --- hiv-1 --- aids --- hiv prevention --- aids treatment strategies --- Sida. --- Infeccions per VIH. --- Infecció per virus d'immunodeficiència humana --- Infecció per retrovirus humans --- Infeccions per HIV --- Seropositivitat --- Persones seropositives --- VIH (Virus) --- SIDA --- Síndrome d'immune deficiència adquirida --- Síndrome de la immunodeficiència humana --- Infeccions per VIH --- Síndromes de deficiència immunitària --- Sida en els infants --- Sida en les dones