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The Special Issue “Molecules from Side Reactions” is a collection of papers reporting on the synthesis and characterization of the molecules that come from unexpected synthetic routes. This is the first example of a Special Issue based on such a topic, notwithstanding that all synthetic chemists have isolated a side product during a chemical reaction. Instead of continuing to store the side products in the freezer, I have thought to give them the dignity of publication, making them available to the scientific community. The short manuscripts collected here respect the principle of “one compound per paper” and have the purpose of preserving the molecular diversity deriving from a chemical reaction. The molecular scaffolds are unexpected and intriguing, and could be useful starting points or intermediates for exploring novel reactions.

History of engineering & technology --- oxazole --- furan --- RORC reaction --- (E,Z)-isomerization --- nitration --- azaheterocycles --- N–C bond cleavage --- pyridine-imidazolium --- ribose --- psicose --- ketose --- rare sugar --- hydroxy methylation --- AICAR --- acadesine --- phosphorylation --- fluorination --- fluorinated nucleosides --- nucleoside analogues --- modified nucleosides --- chlorinated nucleosides --- AMPK --- organic synthesis --- bidentate directing groups --- benzamides --- chelation assistance --- bis-chelates --- C–H bond functionalization --- X-ray structure determination --- N′-acetylhydrazide --- 3-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole --- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine --- heterocycle --- oxetane --- epoxide --- rearrangement --- carbohydrate --- C-glycosylation --- spiro-oxetane --- ester group migration --- glycosyl sulfoxide --- uronate --- thioglycoside oxidation --- mannose --- 8-Fluoro-2′-deoxyguanosine --- 19F NMR spectroscopy --- solid phase synthesis --- phosphoramidite --- muraymycins --- caprazamycins --- nucleosides --- uridine --- cyclization --- seven-membered rings --- conjugated diyne --- LAH reduction --- diacetal --- pent-1,2,3,4-tetraene intermediate --- ligand --- pyridine derivatives --- allenic compounds --- N-alkylation --- copper --- cyanide --- network --- guanidinium --- unexpected iminium cation --- n/a --- N-C bond cleavage --- C-H bond functionalization --- N'-acetylhydrazide --- 8-Fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine

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The Special Issue “Molecules from Side Reactions” is a collection of papers reporting on the synthesis and characterization of the molecules that come from unexpected synthetic routes. This is the first example of a Special Issue based on such a topic, notwithstanding that all synthetic chemists have isolated a side product during a chemical reaction. Instead of continuing to store the side products in the freezer, I have thought to give them the dignity of publication, making them available to the scientific community. The short manuscripts collected here respect the principle of “one compound per paper” and have the purpose of preserving the molecular diversity deriving from a chemical reaction. The molecular scaffolds are unexpected and intriguing, and could be useful starting points or intermediates for exploring novel reactions.

History of engineering & technology --- oxazole --- furan --- RORC reaction --- (E,Z)-isomerization --- nitration --- azaheterocycles --- N-C bond cleavage --- pyridine-imidazolium --- ribose --- psicose --- ketose --- rare sugar --- hydroxy methylation --- AICAR --- acadesine --- phosphorylation --- fluorination --- fluorinated nucleosides --- nucleoside analogues --- modified nucleosides --- chlorinated nucleosides --- AMPK --- organic synthesis --- bidentate directing groups --- benzamides --- chelation assistance --- bis-chelates --- C-H bond functionalization --- X-ray structure determination --- N'-acetylhydrazide --- 3-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole --- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine --- heterocycle --- oxetane --- epoxide --- rearrangement --- carbohydrate --- C-glycosylation --- spiro-oxetane --- ester group migration --- glycosyl sulfoxide --- uronate --- thioglycoside oxidation --- mannose --- 8-Fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine --- 19F NMR spectroscopy --- solid phase synthesis --- phosphoramidite --- muraymycins --- caprazamycins --- nucleosides --- uridine --- cyclization --- seven-membered rings --- conjugated diyne --- LAH reduction --- diacetal --- pent-1,2,3,4-tetraene intermediate --- ligand --- pyridine derivatives --- allenic compounds --- N-alkylation --- copper --- cyanide --- network --- guanidinium --- unexpected iminium cation --- oxazole --- furan --- RORC reaction --- (E,Z)-isomerization --- nitration --- azaheterocycles --- N-C bond cleavage --- pyridine-imidazolium --- ribose --- psicose --- ketose --- rare sugar --- hydroxy methylation --- AICAR --- acadesine --- phosphorylation --- fluorination --- fluorinated nucleosides --- nucleoside analogues --- modified nucleosides --- chlorinated nucleosides --- AMPK --- organic synthesis --- bidentate directing groups --- benzamides --- chelation assistance --- bis-chelates --- C-H bond functionalization --- X-ray structure determination --- N'-acetylhydrazide --- 3-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole --- 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine --- heterocycle --- oxetane --- epoxide --- rearrangement --- carbohydrate --- C-glycosylation --- spiro-oxetane --- ester group migration --- glycosyl sulfoxide --- uronate --- thioglycoside oxidation --- mannose --- 8-Fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine --- 19F NMR spectroscopy --- solid phase synthesis --- phosphoramidite --- muraymycins --- caprazamycins --- nucleosides --- uridine --- cyclization --- seven-membered rings --- conjugated diyne --- LAH reduction --- diacetal --- pent-1,2,3,4-tetraene intermediate --- ligand --- pyridine derivatives --- allenic compounds --- N-alkylation --- copper --- cyanide --- network --- guanidinium --- unexpected iminium cation

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Starting from a kinase of interest, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has gone far beyond an average biomolecule. Being expressed in all mammalian cell types and probably having a counterpart in every eukaryotic cell, AMPK has attracted interest in virtually all areas of biological research. Structural and biophysical insights have greatly contributed to a molecular understanding of this kinase. From good old protein biochemistry to modern approaches, such as systems biology and advanced microscopy, all disciplines have provided important information. Thus, multiple links to cellular events and subcellular localizations have been established. Moreover, the crucial involvement of AMPK in human health and disease has been evidenced. AMPK accordingly has moved from an interesting enzyme to a pharmacological target. However, despite our extensive current knowledge about AMPK, the growing community is busier than ever. This book provides a snapshot of recent and current AMPK research with an emphasis on work providing molecular insight, including but not limited to novel physiological and pathological functions, or regulatory mechanisms. Up-to-date reviews and research articles are included.

n/a --- HDACs --- transcription --- epigenetics --- spermatozoa --- par complex --- A769662 --- MDCK --- skeletal muscle --- AID --- phosphorylation --- energy metabolism --- monocytes --- autophagy --- CML --- liver --- hindlimb suspension --- pregnancy --- preeclampsia --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- CaMKK2 --- assisted reproduction techniques --- nutrient-sensing signals --- sonic hedgehog --- protein acetylation --- glycogen storage disease --- AMPK --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase --- AICAR --- indirect calorimetry --- IL-1? --- MyHC I(?) --- HDAC4/5 --- endothelial cells --- infection --- hepatocyte --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- host defense --- exercise --- kidney disease --- heat shock protein --- ?RIM --- mycobacteria --- activation loop --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- CREB --- TAK1 --- metabolic-inflammation --- phenylephrine --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- KATs --- 2-methoxyestradiol --- DNA methylation --- NLRP3 --- pump --- ?-linker --- steatosis --- AMPK kinase --- stress --- endothelial nitric-oxide synthase --- vasodilation --- adherent junctions --- epithelial cells --- glycogen --- Akt --- synaptic activation --- cellular energy sensing --- glucose uptake --- transporter --- co-expression --- atrophy --- nutrigenomics --- motility --- vasoconstriction --- fatty acid oxidation --- oxidative stress --- AS160 --- membrane --- histone modification --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- chromatin remodeling --- insulin signalling --- dietary fatty acids --- ULK --- CMML --- adaptive thermogenesis --- mTOR --- MDS --- mechanical unloading --- AML --- endothelial function --- medulloblastoma --- PKA --- adipose tissue --- NAD⁺ --- membranes --- nutrition --- ZO-1 --- TBC1D4 --- adipocyte --- soluble Adenylyl cyclase --- metabolism --- renin-angiotensin system --- energy utilization --- proteasome --- differentiation --- signaling --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-? (PGC1?) --- hypertrophy --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- metabolic disease --- LKB1 --- soleus muscle --- macrophages --- Immediate early genes --- CBS --- beiging --- motor endplate remodeling --- ionomycin --- nectin-afadin --- tight junctions --- resveratrol --- protein kinase B --- regrowth --- mitochondria --- protein synthesis --- energy deficiency --- catechol-O-methyltransferase --- fiber-type --- microarrays --- carrier --- acetyl-CoA --- hypertension --- 3T3-L1 --- hypothalamus --- food intake --- benign

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Starting from a kinase of interest, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has gone far beyond an average biomolecule. Being expressed in all mammalian cell types and probably having a counterpart in every eukaryotic cell, AMPK has attracted interest in virtually all areas of biological research. Structural and biophysical insights have greatly contributed to a molecular understanding of this kinase. From good old protein biochemistry to modern approaches, such as systems biology and advanced microscopy, all disciplines have provided important information. Thus, multiple links to cellular events and subcellular localizations have been established. Moreover, the crucial involvement of AMPK in human health and disease has been evidenced. AMPK accordingly has moved from an interesting enzyme to a pharmacological target. However, despite our extensive current knowledge about AMPK, the growing community is busier than ever. This book provides a snapshot of recent and current AMPK research with an emphasis on work providing molecular insight, including but not limited to novel physiological and pathological functions, or regulatory mechanisms. Up-to-date reviews and research articles are included.

HDACs --- transcription --- epigenetics --- spermatozoa --- par complex --- A769662 --- MDCK --- skeletal muscle --- AID --- phosphorylation --- energy metabolism --- monocytes --- autophagy --- CML --- liver --- hindlimb suspension --- pregnancy --- preeclampsia --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- CaMKK2 --- assisted reproduction techniques --- nutrient-sensing signals --- sonic hedgehog --- protein acetylation --- glycogen storage disease --- AMPK --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase --- AICAR --- indirect calorimetry --- IL-1? --- MyHC I(?) --- HDAC4/5 --- endothelial cells --- infection --- hepatocyte --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- host defense --- exercise --- kidney disease --- heat shock protein --- ?RIM --- mycobacteria --- activation loop --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- CREB --- TAK1 --- metabolic-inflammation --- phenylephrine --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- KATs --- 2-methoxyestradiol --- DNA methylation --- NLRP3 --- pump --- ?-linker --- steatosis --- AMPK kinase --- stress --- endothelial nitric-oxide synthase --- vasodilation --- adherent junctions --- epithelial cells --- glycogen --- Akt --- synaptic activation --- cellular energy sensing --- glucose uptake --- transporter --- co-expression --- atrophy --- nutrigenomics --- motility --- vasoconstriction --- fatty acid oxidation --- oxidative stress --- AS160 --- membrane --- histone modification --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- chromatin remodeling --- insulin signalling --- dietary fatty acids --- ULK --- CMML --- adaptive thermogenesis --- mTOR --- MDS --- mechanical unloading --- AML --- endothelial function --- medulloblastoma --- PKA --- adipose tissue --- NAD⁺ --- membranes --- nutrition --- ZO-1 --- TBC1D4 --- adipocyte --- soluble Adenylyl cyclase --- metabolism --- renin-angiotensin system --- energy utilization --- proteasome --- differentiation --- signaling --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-? (PGC1?) --- hypertrophy --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- metabolic disease --- LKB1 --- soleus muscle --- macrophages --- Immediate early genes --- CBS --- benign --- motor endplate remodeling --- ionomycin --- nectin-afadin --- tight junctions --- resveratrol --- protein kinase B --- regrowth --- mitochondria --- protein synthesis --- energy deficiency --- catechol-O-methyltransferase --- fiber-type --- microarrays --- carrier --- acetyl-CoA --- hypertension --- 3T3-L1 --- hypothalamus --- food intake --- HDACs --- transcription --- epigenetics --- spermatozoa --- par complex --- A769662 --- MDCK --- skeletal muscle --- AID --- phosphorylation --- energy metabolism --- monocytes --- autophagy --- CML --- liver --- hindlimb suspension --- pregnancy --- preeclampsia --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- CaMKK2 --- assisted reproduction techniques --- nutrient-sensing signals --- sonic hedgehog --- protein acetylation --- glycogen storage disease --- AMPK --- adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase --- AICAR --- indirect calorimetry --- IL-1? --- MyHC I(?) --- HDAC4/5 --- endothelial cells --- infection --- hepatocyte --- p70S6K --- lipid metabolism --- host defense --- exercise --- kidney disease --- heat shock protein --- ?RIM --- mycobacteria --- activation loop --- developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) --- CREB --- TAK1 --- metabolic-inflammation --- phenylephrine --- AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- KATs --- 2-methoxyestradiol --- DNA methylation --- NLRP3 --- pump --- ?-linker --- steatosis --- AMPK kinase --- stress --- endothelial nitric-oxide synthase --- vasodilation --- adherent junctions --- epithelial cells --- glycogen --- Akt --- synaptic activation --- cellular energy sensing --- glucose uptake --- transporter --- co-expression --- atrophy --- nutrigenomics --- motility --- vasoconstriction --- fatty acid oxidation --- oxidative stress --- AS160 --- membrane --- histone modification --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- chromatin remodeling --- insulin signalling --- dietary fatty acids --- ULK --- CMML --- adaptive thermogenesis --- mTOR --- MDS --- mechanical unloading --- AML --- endothelial function --- medulloblastoma --- PKA --- adipose tissue --- NAD⁺ --- membranes --- nutrition --- ZO-1 --- TBC1D4 --- adipocyte --- soluble Adenylyl cyclase --- metabolism --- renin-angiotensin system --- energy utilization --- proteasome --- differentiation --- signaling --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-? (PGC1?) --- hypertrophy --- AMP-activated protein kinase --- metabolic disease --- LKB1 --- soleus muscle --- macrophages --- Immediate early genes --- CBS --- benign --- motor endplate remodeling --- ionomycin --- nectin-afadin --- tight junctions --- resveratrol --- protein kinase B --- regrowth --- mitochondria --- protein synthesis --- energy deficiency --- catechol-O-methyltransferase --- fiber-type --- microarrays --- carrier --- acetyl-CoA --- hypertension --- 3T3-L1 --- hypothalamus --- food intake