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Countries around the world are facing the need to build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions. There has never been a more important moment to tackle this agenda, as countries grapple with increasing fragility and migration flows, more complex service delivery requirements, and greater demands for transparency and inclusion, all in a more resource-constrained environment. Moreover, the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic crisis has provided new evidence of the need for effective, accountable, and inclusive government responses. Governments' capacity to respond to these complex challenges is understandably stretched, but this has not limited the rise of citizens' expectations. Instead, it has often increased tensions and, in some cases, has affected the trust between governments and their citizens. This publication builds on the World Bank's vast engagement across ECA and on the 2019 regional governance conference. It consists of six chapters, each corresponding to one of the governance areas around which governments across the world organize their institutional functions. Each chapter contains background and analysis by World Bank specialists, complemented by country case studies authored by regional experts and policymakers.

Accountability --- Administrative Reform --- Anticorruption --- Gender --- Gender and Governance --- Governance --- National Governance --- Political Economy --- Public Policy --- Public Procurement --- Public Sector Development --- Public-Private Partnerships --- State-Owned Enterprises --- Transparency

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The thirteenth century saw major developments in England's administration, as the procedures and processes of government expanded rapidly, the principles enshrined in Magna Carta became embedded, knights and burgesses were summoned to Parliament for the first time, and nothing short of a political revolution took place.
The essays here draw on material available for the first time via the completion of the project to calendar all the Fine Rolls of Henry III; these rolls comprise the last series of records of the English Chancery from that period to become readily available in a convenient form, thereby transforming access to several important fields of research, including financial, legal, political and social issues. The volume covers topics including the evidential value of the fine rolls themselves and their wider significance for the English polity, developments in legal and financial administration, the roles of women and the church, and the fascinating details of the development of the office of escheator. Related or parallel developments in Scotland, Wales and Ireland are also dealt with, giving a broader British dimension.

Louise J. Wilkinson is Professor of Medieval History, Canterbury Christ Church University; David Crook is Honorary Research Fellow at the National Archives and the University of Notthingham.

Contributors: Nick Barratt, Paul Brand, David Carpenter, David Crook, Paul Dryburgh, Beth Hartland, Philippa Hoskin, Charles Insley, Adrian Jobson, Tony Moore, Alice Taylor, Nicholas Vincent, Scott Waugh, Louise Wilkinson

Henry --- Great Britain --- Politics and government --- Henry, --- History --- 1216-1272 --- Henry III, Reign of (Great Britain) --- HISTORY / Medieval. --- British History. --- British history. --- British monarchy. --- Fine Rolls. --- Growth of Royal Government. --- Henry III. --- Magna Carta. --- Medieval England. --- Political Change. --- Royal Government. --- Simon de Montfort. --- Thirteenth Century. --- administrative reform. --- barons. --- church history. --- financial administration. --- governance. --- legal administration. --- legislative reform. --- parliament. --- political movement. --- power struggle. --- thirteenth century.

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This paper looks at the role and design of regulatory reform institutions in developing countries. These institutions are classified into four broad types: 1) regulatory reform units, commonly known in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries as oversight bodies for regulatory reform; 2) high-level committees for regulatory reform, established in some countries to leverage support and take decisions at a high political level; 3) advisory and/or advocacy bodies in charge of proposing improvements to the regulatory system by strengthening coordination and consultation mechanisms and by promoting the regulatory reform agenda; and 4) Ad hoc institutions for regulatory reform, established to launch regulatory reform efforts and to work on a single defined task or activity. This paper is divided into the following sections: section one briefly reviews the theoretical debate and literature about the role of institutions in facilitating higher economic growth, focusing in particular on regulatory institutions and their relevance in developing countries; section two discusses the main features of regulatory reform institutions at the center of government, namely regulatory oversight bodies, high level committees, advocacy and/ or advisory bodies and ad-hoc institutions for regulatory reform; and section three identifies the features of these institutions that are considered to be best practice. Section three also identifies and discusses lessons learned and the implications for establishing and operating such institutions in developing country contexts.

Accountability --- Administrative Procedures --- Administrative Reform --- Advisory Services --- Bureaucracy --- Business Environment --- Business Regulation --- Children and Youth --- Consensus --- Corruption --- Decision Making --- Economic Development --- Good Governance --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Human Resources --- Investment Climate --- Judiciary --- Local Government --- National Governance --- Political Economy --- Political Instability --- Political Will --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector --- Regulators --- Regulatory Agencies --- Social Development --- Transparency --- Vested Interests --- Violence

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Government wage bills have been growing across the world, but are exceptionally high in the MENA region relative to countries' state of development, whether measured as a share of GDP, or of government revenue and spending (World Bank, 2004). Across the region government wage bills threaten fiscal sustainability. There are many drivers behind the large wage bills, whether of central government alone or of general government. Government employment numbers also seem to grow inexorably, in many areas faster than required to deliver services in line with population growth. Other factors have been weak staff control systems, the authorization of new recruitment outside budget frameworks, and laxly applied staff performance assessment systems, in addition to absenteeism, and the difficulty under public service rules of disciplining and ultimately terminating poorly performing staff. This paper takes a look at government wage bill growth, alongside current approaches to recruitment, staff performance assessments and promotions, with particular emphasis on Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. These country examples are complemented by a broader regional analysis to illustrate overarching trends in public sector employment.The objective is to identify the various forces at work, how they interact, and thereby document and understand better the dynamic of public sector wage bill expansion in the Middle East as well as potential linkages to public sector performance. The paper also looks at reform efforts, extracts lessons and identify potential reform options to better control wage bill growth and the unbalancing effects it has had on the efficiency and effectiveness of government spending generally. Furthermore, while the paper does not present a comprehensive overview of the nature of public employment in MENA, it aims to identify potential areas for further research in this domain.

Administrative & Civil Service Reform --- Administrative and Civil Service Reform --- Administrative Reform --- Debt --- Early Retirement --- Educational Attainment --- Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Finance --- Financial Management --- Governance --- Human Resources --- Inflation --- Informal Sector --- Job Creation --- Local Government --- Management --- National Governance --- Private Sector --- Public Debt --- Public Expenditure, Financial Management and Procurement --- Public Health --- Public officials --- Public Policy --- Public Sector Employees --- Public Sector Governance --- Public Sector Reform --- Retirement --- Roads --- Social Protections & Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Temporary Workers --- Total Factor Productivity --- Transparency --- Unemployment --- Workers

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This report profiles 52 business women, representing countries where IFC works across the Pacific region, in 30 case studies. Women in the report share lessons in starting their businesses, and describe the obstacles and opportunities they encountered in their pursuit of growth. By revealing their future plans, the women provide inspiration for current and future business women of the Pacific to pursue greater entrepreneurial ventures. In the Pacific region, women's ability to access and control income, and exert decision making power is yet to be fully realized. The Gender and Investment Climate Reform Assessments for Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Tonga and Vanuatu examines this issue by analyzing the constraints women in business face and provides recommendations for IFC to incorporate into its investment climate reform programs to reduce the gender specific obstacles.

Access to Education --- Access to Finance --- Access to Justice --- Accreditation --- Administrative Reform --- Advisory Services --- Advocacy --- Constitutional Law --- Corruption --- Courts --- Debt --- Discrimination --- Economic Development --- Economic Opportunities --- Empowerment --- Equality --- Family Law --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Institutions --- Financial Literacy --- Food Production --- Gender --- Gender Issues --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Income --- Human Resources --- Human Rights --- Informal Sector --- International Cooperation --- International Finance --- International Law --- Law and Development --- Legal Products --- Legislation --- Literacy --- Microfinance Institutions --- Natural Disasters --- Nutrition --- Population Policies --- Productivity --- Property Rights --- Remittances --- Sexual Harassment --- Skilled Workers --- Social Responsibility --- Technical Assistance