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Sensor technology for monitoring vital signs is an important topic for various service applications, such as entertainment and personalization platforms and Internet of Things (IoT) systems, as well as traditional medical purposes, such as disease indication judgments and predictions. Vital signs for monitoring include respiration and heart rates, body temperature, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, electrocardiogram, blood glucose concentration, brain waves, etc. Gait and walking length can also be regarded as vital signs because they can indirectly indicate human activity and status. Sensing technologies include contact sensors such as electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), non-contact sensors such as ballistocardiography (BCG), and invasive/non-invasive sensors for diagnoses of variations in blood characteristics or body fluids. Radar, vision, and infrared sensors can also be useful technologies for detecting vital signs from the movement of humans or organs. Signal processing, extraction, and analysis techniques are important in industrial applications along with hardware implementation techniques. Battery management and wireless power transmission technologies, the design and optimization of low-power circuits, and systems for continuous monitoring and data collection/transmission should also be considered with sensor technologies. In addition, machine-learning-based diagnostic technology can be used for extracting meaningful information from continuous monitoring data.

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) --- electroencephalogram (EEG) --- hemodynamic data --- carotid blood flow (CBF) --- cerebral circulation --- frequency-shift keying radar --- cross-correlation --- envelope detection --- continuous-wave radar --- frequency discrimination --- vital-signs monitoring --- heartbeat accuracy improvement --- heartbeat detection --- absolute distance measurement --- radar signal processing --- 3D+t modeling --- coronary artery --- non-rigid registration --- cage deformation --- 4D CT --- passenger detection --- CW radar --- radar feature vector --- radar machine learning --- wearable sensors --- physiology --- medical monitoring --- vital signs --- compensatory reserve --- ultra-high resolution --- cone-beam computed tomography --- low-contrast object --- optimal filter --- modulation transfer function --- noise power spectrum --- doppler cardiogram --- wavelet transform --- denoising --- mother wavelet function --- decomposition level --- signal decomposition --- signal-to-noise-ratio

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Respiratory motion causes an important uncertainty in radiotherapy planning of the thorax and upper abdomen. The main objective of radiation therapy is to eradicate or shrink tumor cells without damaging the surrounding tissue by delivering a high radiation dose to the tumor region and a dose as low as possible to healthy organ tissues. Meeting this demand remains a challenge especially in case of lung tumors due to breathing-induced tumor and organ motion where motion amplitudes can measure up to several centimeters. Therefore, modeling of respiratory motion has become increasingly important in radiation therapy. With 4D imaging techniques spatiotemporal image sequences can be acquired to investigate dynamic processes in the patient’s body. Furthermore, image registration enables the estimation of the breathing-induced motion and the description of the temporal change in position and shape of the structures of interest by establishing the correspondence between images acquired at different phases of the breathing cycle. In radiation therapy these motion estimations are used to define accurate treatment margins, e.g. to calculate dose distributions and to develop prediction models for gated or robotic radiotherapy. In this book, the increasing role of image registration and motion estimation algorithms for the interpretation of complex 4D medical image sequences is illustrated. Different 4D CT image acquisition techniques and conceptually different motion estimation algorithms are presented. The clinical relevance is demonstrated by means of example applications which are related to the radiation therapy of thoracic and abdominal tumors. The state of the art and perspectives are shown by an insight into the current field of research. The book is addressed to biomedical engineers, medical physicists, researchers and physicians working in the fields of medical image analysis, radiology and radiation therapy.

Fourth dimension. --- Radiotherapy. --- Respiration --- Tomography, X-Ray Computed --- Statistics as Topic --- Epidemiologic Research Design --- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted --- Diagnostic Imaging --- Therapy, Computer-Assisted --- Mathematical Concepts --- Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted --- Imaging, Three-Dimensional --- Physical Processes --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Diagnosis --- Radiographic Image Enhancement --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Tomography, X-Ray --- Physical Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Respiratory Physiological Processes --- Therapeutics --- Decision Making, Computer-Assisted --- Radiography --- Respiratory Physiological Phenomena --- Tomography --- Quality of Health Care --- Public Health --- Investigative Techniques --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Medical Informatics Applications --- Medical Informatics --- Circulatory and Respiratory Physiological Phenomena --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Health Care --- Information Science --- Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography --- Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted --- Sensitivity and Specificity --- Motion --- Respiratory Mechanics --- Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted --- Physics --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Radiology, MRI, Ultrasonography & Medical Physics --- Light & Optics --- Image Interpretation, Computer Assisted --- Computer-Assisted Image Interpretation --- Computer-Assisted Image Interpretations --- Image Interpretations, Computer-Assisted --- Interpretation, Computer-Assisted Image --- Interpretations, Computer-Assisted Image --- Breathing Mechanics --- Breathing Mechanic --- Mechanic, Breathing --- Mechanic, Respiratory --- Mechanics, Breathing --- Mechanics, Respiratory --- Respiratory Mechanic --- Motions --- Sensitivity --- Specificity --- Specificity and Sensitivity --- Planning, Computer-Assisted Radiotherapy --- Computer-Assisted Radiotherapy Planning --- Dosimetry Calculations, Computer-Assisted --- Calculation, Computer-Assisted Dosimetry --- Calculations, Computer-Assisted Dosimetry --- Computer Assisted Radiotherapy Planning --- Computer-Assisted Dosimetry Calculation --- Computer-Assisted Dosimetry Calculations --- Dosimetry Calculation, Computer-Assisted --- Dosimetry Calculations, Computer Assisted --- Planning, Computer Assisted Radiotherapy --- Radiotherapy Planning, Computer Assisted --- Information Sciences --- Science, Information --- Sciences, Information --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Circulatory and Respiratory Physiological Phenomenon --- Physiology, Circulatory and Respiratory --- Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology --- Computer Science, Medical --- Health Information Technology --- Informatics, Clinical --- Informatics, Medical --- Information Science, Medical --- Clinical Informatics --- Medical Computer Science --- Medical Information Science --- Health Information Technologies --- Information Technologies, Health --- Information Technology, Health --- Medical Computer Sciences --- Medical Information Sciences --- Science, Medical Computer --- Technologies, Health Information --- Technology, Health Information --- Application, Medical Informatics --- Applications, Medical Informatics --- Informatics Applications, Medical --- Informatics Application, Medical --- Medical Informatics Application --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Public --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Tomographies --- Physiology, Respiratory --- Pulmonary Physiological Phenomena --- Pulmonary Physiological Phenomenon --- Pulmonary Physiological Process --- Pulmonary Physiological Processes --- Respiratory Physiological Concepts --- Respiratory Physiological Phenomenon --- Respiratory Physiological Process --- Respiratory Physiologic Processes --- Respiratory Physiology --- Concept, Respiratory Physiological --- Concepts, Respiratory Physiological --- Phenomena, Pulmonary Physiological --- Phenomena, Respiratory Physiological --- Phenomenas, Pulmonary Physiological --- Phenomenas, Respiratory Physiological --- Phenomenon, Pulmonary Physiological --- Phenomenon, Respiratory Physiological --- Phenomenons, Pulmonary Physiological --- Phenomenons, Respiratory Physiological --- Physiologic Processes, Respiratory --- Physiological Concept, Respiratory --- Physiological Concepts, Respiratory --- Physiological Phenomena, Pulmonary --- Physiological Phenomena, Respiratory --- Physiological Phenomenas, Pulmonary --- Physiological Phenomenas, Respiratory --- Physiological Phenomenon, Pulmonary --- Physiological Phenomenon, Respiratory --- Physiological Phenomenons, Pulmonary --- Physiological Phenomenons, Respiratory --- Physiological Process, Pulmonary --- Physiological Process, Respiratory --- Physiological Processes, Pulmonary --- Physiological Processes, Respiratory --- Process, Pulmonary Physiological --- Process, Respiratory Physiological --- Processes, Pulmonary Physiological --- Pulmonary Physiological Phenomenas --- Pulmonary Physiological Phenomenons --- Respiratory Physiological Concept --- Respiratory Physiological Phenomenas --- Respiratory Physiological Phenomenons --- Respiratory System --- Diagnostic X-Ray --- Diagnostic X-Ray Radiology --- X-Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- Radiology, Diagnostic X-Ray --- Roentgenography --- X-Ray, Diagnostic --- Diagnostic X Ray --- Diagnostic X Ray Radiology --- Diagnostic X-Rays --- Radiology, Diagnostic X Ray --- X Ray Radiology, Diagnostic --- X Ray, Diagnostic --- X-Rays, Diagnostic --- Computer-Assisted Decision Making --- Medical Decision Making, Computer-Assisted --- Computer Assisted Decision Making --- Decision Making, Computer Assisted --- Medical Decision Making, Computer Assisted --- Therapy --- Treatment --- Therapeutic --- Therapies --- Treatments --- Disease --- Physical Phenomenon --- Physical Process --- Physical Concepts --- Concept, Physical --- Concepts, Physical --- Phenomena, Physical --- Phenomenon, Physical --- Physical Concept --- Process, Physical --- Processes, Physical --- Radiographic Tomography --- Tomography, Radiographic --- Tomography, X Ray --- Tomography, Xray --- Transmission Tomography --- X Ray Tomography --- Xray Tomography --- Tomography, Transmission --- X-Ray Tomography --- Zonography --- Diagnostic Technics and Procedures --- Technics and Procedures, Diagnostic --- Techniques and Procedures, Diagnostic --- Image Enhancement, Radiographic --- Radiography, Digital --- Digital Radiography --- Enhancement, Radiographic Image --- Enhancements, Radiographic Image --- Image Enhancements, Radiographic --- Radiographic Image Enhancements --- Antemortem Diagnosis --- Diagnoses and Examinations --- Examinations and Diagnoses --- Postmortem Diagnosis --- Antemortem Diagnoses --- Diagnoses --- Diagnoses, Antemortem --- Diagnoses, Postmortem --- Diagnosis, Antemortem --- Diagnosis, Postmortem --- Postmortem Diagnoses --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- 3-D Image --- 3-D Imaging --- Computer-Generated 3D Imaging --- Three-Dimensional Image --- Three-Dimensional Imaging, Computer Generated --- Computer-Assisted Three-Dimensional Imaging --- Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Computer Assisted --- 3 D Image --- 3 D Imaging --- 3-D Images --- 3-D Imagings --- 3D Imaging, Computer-Generated --- 3D Imagings, Computer-Generated --- Computer Assisted Three Dimensional Imaging --- Computer Generated 3D Imaging --- Computer-Assisted Three-Dimensional Imagings --- Computer-Generated 3D Imagings --- Image, 3-D --- Image, Three-Dimensional --- Images, 3-D --- Images, Three-Dimensional --- Imaging, 3-D --- Imaging, Computer-Assisted Three-Dimensional --- Imaging, Computer-Generated 3D --- Imaging, Three Dimensional --- Imagings, 3-D --- Imagings, Computer-Assisted Three-Dimensional --- Imagings, Computer-Generated 3D --- Imagings, Three-Dimensional --- Three Dimensional Image --- Three Dimensional Imaging, Computer Generated --- Three-Dimensional Images --- Three-Dimensional Imaging --- Three-Dimensional Imaging, Computer-Assisted --- Three-Dimensional Imagings --- Three-Dimensional Imagings, Computer-Assisted --- Computer-Assisted Radiation Therapy --- Computer-Assisted Radiotherapy --- Radiation Therapy, Computer-Assisted --- Computer Assisted Radiation Therapy --- Computer Assisted Radiotherapy --- Computer-Assisted Radiation Therapies --- Computer-Assisted Radiotherapies --- Radiation Therapies, Computer-Assisted --- Radiation Therapy, Computer Assisted --- Radiotherapies, Computer-Assisted --- Radiotherapy, Computer Assisted --- Therapies, Computer-Assisted Radiation --- Therapy, Computer-Assisted Radiation --- Concept, Mathematical --- Concepts, Mathematical --- Mathematical Concept --- Computer-Assisted Protocol-Directed Therapy --- Therapy, Computer-Assisted Protocol-Directed --- Computer-Assisted Therapy --- Protocol-Directed Therapy, Computer-Assisted --- Computer Assisted Protocol Directed Therapy --- Computer Assisted Therapy --- Computer-Assisted Protocol-Directed Therapies --- Computer-Assisted Therapies --- Protocol Directed Therapy, Computer Assisted --- Protocol-Directed Therapies, Computer-Assisted --- Therapies, Computer-Assisted --- Therapies, Computer-Assisted Protocol-Directed --- Therapy, Computer Assisted --- Therapy, Computer Assisted Protocol Directed --- Imaging, Diagnostic --- Imaging, Medical --- Medical Imaging --- Computer-Assisted Diagnosis --- Computer Assisted Diagnosis --- Computer-Assisted Diagnoses --- Diagnoses, Computer-Assisted --- Diagnosis, Computer Assisted --- Design, Epidemiologic Research --- Designs, Epidemiologic Research --- Epidemiologic Research Designs --- Epidemiological Research Design --- Research Design, Epidemiologic --- Research Designs, Epidemiologic --- Design, Epidemiological Research --- Designs, Epidemiological Research --- Epidemiological Research Designs --- Research Design, Epidemiological --- Research Designs, Epidemiological --- Area Analysis --- Correlation Studies --- Correlation Study --- Correlation of Data --- Data Analysis --- Estimation Technics --- Estimation Techniques --- Indirect Estimation Technics --- Indirect Estimation Techniques --- Multiple Classification Analysis --- Service Statistics --- Statistical Study --- Statistics, Service --- Tables and Charts as Topic --- Analyses, Area --- Analyses, Data --- Analyses, Multiple Classification --- Analysis, Area --- Analysis, Data --- Analysis, Multiple Classification --- Area Analyses --- Classification Analyses, Multiple --- Classification Analysis, Multiple --- Data Analyses --- Data Correlation --- Data Correlations --- Estimation Technic --- Estimation Technic, Indirect --- Estimation Technics, Indirect --- Estimation Technique --- Estimation Technique, Indirect --- Estimation Techniques, Indirect --- Indirect Estimation Technic --- Indirect Estimation Technique --- Multiple Classification Analyses --- Statistical Studies --- Studies, Correlation --- Studies, Statistical --- Study, Correlation --- Study, Statistical --- Technic, Estimation --- Technic, Indirect Estimation --- Technics, Estimation --- Technics, Indirect Estimation --- Technique, Estimation --- Technique, Indirect Estimation --- Techniques, Estimation --- Techniques, Indirect Estimation --- CAT Scan, X Ray --- CT X Ray --- Computed Tomography, X-Ray --- Computed X Ray Tomography --- Computerized Tomography, X Ray --- Electron Beam Tomography --- Tomography, X Ray Computed --- Tomography, X-Ray Computer Assisted --- Tomography, X-Ray Computerized --- Tomography, X-Ray Computerized Axial --- Tomography, Xray Computed --- X Ray Computerized Tomography --- X Ray Tomography, Computed --- X-Ray Computer Assisted Tomography --- X-Ray Computerized Axial Tomography --- CAT Scan, X-Ray --- CT Scan, X-Ray --- Cine-CT --- Computerized Tomography, X-Ray --- Electron Beam Computed Tomography --- Tomodensitometry --- Tomography, Transmission Computed --- X-Ray Tomography, Computed --- Beam Tomography, Electron --- CAT Scans, X-Ray --- CT Scan, X Ray --- CT Scans, X-Ray --- CT X Rays --- Cine CT --- Computed Tomography, Transmission --- Computed Tomography, X Ray --- Computed Tomography, Xray --- Computed X-Ray Tomography --- Scan, X-Ray CAT --- Scan, X-Ray CT --- Scans, X-Ray CAT --- Scans, X-Ray CT --- Tomographies, Computed X-Ray --- Tomography, Computed X-Ray --- Tomography, Electron Beam --- Tomography, X Ray Computer Assisted --- Tomography, X Ray Computerized --- Tomography, X Ray Computerized Axial --- Transmission Computed Tomography --- X Ray Computer Assisted Tomography --- X Ray Computerized Axial Tomography --- X Ray, CT --- X Rays, CT --- X-Ray CAT Scan --- X-Ray CAT Scans --- X-Ray CT Scan --- X-Ray CT Scans --- X-Ray Computed Tomography --- X-Ray Computerized Tomography --- Xray Computed Tomography --- Breathing --- physiology --- therapy --- methods --- diagnosis --- 4D CAT Scan --- 4D CT --- 4D CT Scan --- 4D Computed Tomography --- Four-Dimensional CAT Scan --- Four-Dimensional CT --- Four-Dimensional CT Scan --- 4D CAT Scans --- 4D CT Scans --- CAT Scan, 4D --- CAT Scan, Four-Dimensional --- CAT Scans, 4D --- CAT Scans, Four-Dimensional --- CT Scan, 4D --- CT Scan, Four-Dimensional --- CT Scans, 4D --- CT Scans, Four-Dimensional --- CT, Four-Dimensional --- CTs, Four-Dimensional --- Computed Tomography, 4D --- Computed Tomography, Four-Dimensional --- Four Dimensional CAT Scan --- Four Dimensional CT --- Four Dimensional CT Scan --- Four Dimensional Computed Tomography --- Four-Dimensional CAT Scans --- Four-Dimensional CT Scans --- Scan, 4D CAT --- Scan, 4D CT --- Scan, Four-Dimensional CAT --- Scan, Four-Dimensional CT --- Scans, 4D CAT --- Scans, 4D CT --- Scans, Four-Dimensional CAT --- Scans, Four-Dimensional CT --- Tomography, Four-Dimensional Computed --- Physics. --- Nuclear medicine. --- Respiratory organs --- Medical physics. --- Radiation. --- Biomedical engineering. --- Medical and Radiation Physics. --- Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics. --- Pneumology/Respiratory System. --- Biomedical Engineering. --- Nuclear Medicine. --- Diseases. --- Pneumology. --- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering --- Health physics --- Health radiation physics --- Medical radiation physics --- Radiotherapy physics --- Radiation therapy physics --- Atomic medicine --- Radioisotopes in medicine --- Medical radiology --- Radioactive tracers --- Radioactivity --- Physiological effect --- Biophysics. --- Biological physics. --- Respiratory organs—Diseases. --- Biological physics --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Radiology