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Given the increasing importance of a globally interconnected world, driven by modern digital services and the need for fast and reliable access to digital resources, communication networks are one of the key infrastructures in today’s society. In this scenario, fiber optics and optical devices play a leading role, as they allow for unprecedented growth in our capacity to cope with the ever-increasing traffic demand. Optical transmission solutions range from high-speed networks based on coherent detection and advanced modulation formats for long-haul-level communications, to networks still relying on traditional intensity modulation and direct detection receivers for short-reach communications, down to intra-data center scenarios. In between there is a whole gamut of network architectures, providing different solutions for specific applications, targeting the minimization of cost-per-bit as a trade-off between capacity and overall implementation cost, in order for operators to cope with the increasing traffic demand while still providing reasonable market accessibility. Currently, most communications rely on optical technologies, and the worldwide goal is the optimum trade-off between transmission speed and cost-per-bit. This is usually pursued by i) manufacturing low-cost devices, ii) the introduction of digital solutions to overcome the physical limitations of optical communications systems and iii) the optimization of network design. Contributions to this Special Issue address these three subjects, and provide valuable insights into the optical fiber communications world.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- optical interconnects --- on–off keying --- pulse amplitude modulation --- misorientation --- optical communication --- InGaAs/GaAsP quantum well --- optical properties --- localization potential --- digital predistortion --- magnitude selective affine --- radio over fiber --- neural network --- error vector magnitude --- adjacent channel power ratio --- PON --- C-band --- chromatic dispersion compensation --- direct detection --- 200 Gbps per wavelength --- translucent optical networks --- regenerator placement --- dynamic traffic --- heuristics --- network design --- sparse regeneration --- 3R --- regenerator --- n/a --- on-off keying

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This Special Issue of Cells on “Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Development, Cancers and Aging” provides a collection of modern articles dealing with the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1) in cancer biology, aging and development. Featured articles explore basic and clinical aspects of the IGF1 system, including post-genomic analyses as well as novel approaches to target the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) in oncology. The present Special Issue highlights some of the most important topics in the broad area of IGF research, including the role of IGF1 in aging and longevity, attempts to target the IGF1 axis in oncology, the role of IGF-binding proteins, structural aspects of IGF-II, etc. We trust that this assembly of articles will be of great help to students, basic researchers and practitioners.

IGF-I --- IGF-II --- insulin --- IGF-IR --- IRs --- tyrosine kinase receptor --- GPCRs --- hybrids --- phosphorylation --- G-proteins --- β-arrestins --- functional RTK/GPCR hybrid --- nuclear translocation --- IGF-I receptor --- signaling --- targeted therapeutics --- IGF-Trap --- IGF system --- IGFBP-3 --- IGFBP-3R --- TMEM219 --- anti-tumor --- anti-metastatic --- agonists --- mAb therapy --- IGF-1 --- IGFBP-1 --- older adults --- longevity --- health-span --- age-related disease --- cognitive impairment --- diabetes --- mitochondria --- growth hormone --- insulin-like growth factor-1 --- aging --- oxidative stress --- senescence --- longitudinal study --- IGFBP --- mouse models --- skeletal muscle --- MSCs --- myogenesis --- glucose regulated protein (GRP) 94 --- insulin-like growth factor --- obligate chaperone --- hypertrophy --- atrophy --- cachexia --- muscle regeneration --- autophagy --- IGF-1R --- insulin receptor --- IR-A --- structural studies --- receptor activation --- n/a

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There is some talk about an antibiotic Armageddon, wherein untreatable post-operative infections and similarly untreatable complications after chemotherapy will occur. The now famous “O’Neill Report” suggests that, by 2050, more people could die from resistant bacterial infections than from cancer. We are still learning about all the subtle drivers of antibiotic resistance, realizing that we need a single “whole health” coordinated policy. We ingest what we sometimes feed to animals, yet there does not seem to be any new classes of antibiotics on the horizon. Maybe there is something that has been around forever that could could to our rescue: bacteriophages. Nevertheless, we have to do things differently. We must use antibiotics appropriately and for the correct indication, duration, and dosage with good practice and stewardship.. While by no means comprehensive, this book covers many topics regarding antibiotic stewardship. It also addresses older antibiotics, new combinations, and even new agents. Last but not least, this book features two excellent articles on bacteriophages. Refinements to animal models used in research for either human or animal benefit must be an ongoing aim for anyone working in this context, whether it be as an animal carrier, an animal user, a veterinarian, or an official. Unfortunately, the details of refinements are often overlooked in publications describing the research outcomes. This book includes manuscripts published in the Animals Special Issue “Refinements to Animal Models for Biomedical Research”. In this contemporary resource, we included 12 peer-reviewed papers that cover a range of approaches to the concept of refinement.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- mouse --- blood sample --- well-being --- retrobulbar --- submandibular --- sublingual --- functional MRI --- rat anaesthesia --- refinement --- calves --- disbudding --- gene transcription --- cytokines --- pain --- meloxicam --- nCounter --- guinea pig --- Cavia porcellus --- captive bolt --- humane euthanasia --- laboratory animal --- humane killing --- piglet --- castration --- behaviour --- peri-operative --- vocalisation --- nociception --- neonate --- anaesthesia --- analgesia --- sheep --- survey --- preclinical research --- health --- nociceptive threshold --- horse --- cat --- dog --- camel --- 3R principles --- transdermal fentanyl patch --- grimace scores --- laboratory animals --- pain assessment --- rabbit --- postoperative analgesia --- facial expressions --- grimace scales --- mice --- rat --- animal research --- animal testing --- biomedical research --- history of science --- mouse --- blood sample --- well-being --- retrobulbar --- submandibular --- sublingual --- functional MRI --- rat anaesthesia --- refinement --- calves --- disbudding --- gene transcription --- cytokines --- pain --- meloxicam --- nCounter --- guinea pig --- Cavia porcellus --- captive bolt --- humane euthanasia --- laboratory animal --- humane killing --- piglet --- castration --- behaviour --- peri-operative --- vocalisation --- nociception --- neonate --- anaesthesia --- analgesia --- sheep --- survey --- preclinical research --- health --- nociceptive threshold --- horse --- cat --- dog --- camel --- 3R principles --- transdermal fentanyl patch --- grimace scores --- laboratory animals --- pain assessment --- rabbit --- postoperative analgesia --- facial expressions --- grimace scales --- mice --- rat --- animal research --- animal testing --- biomedical research --- history of science

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This Special Issue of Cells on “Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Development, Cancers and Aging” provides a collection of modern articles dealing with the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1) in cancer biology, aging and development. Featured articles explore basic and clinical aspects of the IGF1 system, including post-genomic analyses as well as novel approaches to target the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) in oncology. The present Special Issue highlights some of the most important topics in the broad area of IGF research, including the role of IGF1 in aging and longevity, attempts to target the IGF1 axis in oncology, the role of IGF-binding proteins, structural aspects of IGF-II, etc. We trust that this assembly of articles will be of great help to students, basic researchers and practitioners.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- IGF-I --- IGF-II --- insulin --- IGF-IR --- IRs --- tyrosine kinase receptor --- GPCRs --- hybrids --- phosphorylation --- G-proteins --- β-arrestins --- functional RTK/GPCR hybrid --- nuclear translocation --- IGF-I receptor --- signaling --- targeted therapeutics --- IGF-Trap --- IGF system --- IGFBP-3 --- IGFBP-3R --- TMEM219 --- anti-tumor --- anti-metastatic --- agonists --- mAb therapy --- IGF-1 --- IGFBP-1 --- older adults --- longevity --- health-span --- age-related disease --- cognitive impairment --- diabetes --- mitochondria --- growth hormone --- insulin-like growth factor-1 --- aging --- oxidative stress --- senescence --- longitudinal study --- IGFBP --- mouse models --- skeletal muscle --- MSCs --- myogenesis --- glucose regulated protein (GRP) 94 --- insulin-like growth factor --- obligate chaperone --- hypertrophy --- atrophy --- cachexia --- muscle regeneration --- autophagy --- IGF-1R --- insulin receptor --- IR-A --- structural studies --- receptor activation --- n/a