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La personnalité de l'État
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Year: 1906 Publisher: Bruxelles imprimerie A.-R. De Ghilage et Cie

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342.22 (04)


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Herrschaftszeichen und Staatssymbolik : Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte vom dritten bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert : Nachträge aus dem Nachlass
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ISBN: 3921575893 9783921575895 Year: 1978 Volume: 13 (Nachtr.) Publisher: München: Monumenta Germaniae historica,


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Les drapeaux à travers les âges et dans le monde entier
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ISBN: 2213003386 9782213003382 Year: 1976 Publisher: Paris Fayard

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Boundary control : subnational authoritarianism in federal democracies
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ISBN: 9780521127332 9780521192231 9781139017992 9781139839563 113983956X 1139017993 9781139841948 1139841947 0521192234 0521127335 1107232724 1139853392 1107253217 113984430X 1283835959 1139840754 9781107232723 9781139853392 9781107253216 9781283835954 9781139840750 Year: 2012 Publisher: Cambridge: Cambridge university press,

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The democratization of a national government is only a first step in diffusing democracy throughout a country's territory. Even after a national government is democratized, subnational authoritarian 'enclaves' often continue to deny rights to citizens of local jurisdictions. Gibson offers new theoretical perspectives for the study of democratization in his exploration of this phenomenon. His theory of 'boundary control' captures the conflict pattern between incumbents and oppositions when a national democratic government exists alongside authoritarian provinces (or 'states'). He also reveals how federalism and the territorial organization of countries shape how subnational authoritarian regimes are built and how they unravel. Through a novel comparison of the late nineteenth-century American 'Solid South' with contemporary experiences in Argentina and Mexico, Gibson reveals that the mechanisms of boundary control are reproduced across countries and historical periods. As long as subnational authoritarian governments coexist with national democratic governments, boundary control will be at play.

Typology of industrialisation processes in the nineteenth century
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ISBN: 371865007X Year: 1990 Publisher: Chur : Harwood,

Peaceful conquest : the industrialization of Europe 1760-1970
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ISBN: 0198770936 9780198770930 Year: 1981 Publisher: Oxford: Oxford university press,

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This study approaches the industrialization of Europe as a single process, taking regions rather than countries as the geographical divisions. The first stagen before about 1880, is seen as being essentially the spread of British technology, which was associated with such changes as the factory, new forms of labour, and greatly enlarged international markets. The new industries spread from region to region, covering much of Europe in several waves. The more advanced areas supplied mass-produced components, machines, and technology, and the less advanced regions provided markets. The migration of technology, skilled workers and management, and capital, proved to be relatively easy, and the incentive of trade provided strong pressure to follow the leaders of industrialization. After about 1880, political considerations began to play a more important role. Political boundaries cut across several natural economic regions, and the ensuing tensions were partly responsible for the two world wars, and the economic conflict of the inter-war years. The countries which were about to industrialize at that time, especially in Eastern Europe, were particularly hard hit by the autarkic policies of the advanced parts of Europe. Since 1945, the recreation of economic unity in the West of Europe as well as the East has been attempted. The resulting collaboration has been accompanied by spectacular economic successes, and the industrialization of the remaining underdeveloped parts of Europe. It has to be admitted, though, that much of the drive towards these favourable results has come from the hostility and competition between the two parts of a divided Europe.

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