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During the last 25 years, monetary practice in most countries has increasingly been characterized by the attempt to achieve credibility of purpose while expanding the freedom of monetary authorities in controlling policy instruments. Thus, the world has moved toward monetary frameworks in which, through appropriate institutional devices, a better trade-off between credibility of goals and flexibility of instruments could be achieved. This attempt, surveyed in this paper, has taken many forms, depending on the countries economic, institutional, and cultural specificities.

International finance --- Monetary policy --- Banks and banking, Central. --- Politique monétaire --- Banques centrales --- History --- Histoire --- International Monetary Fund. --- Banks and banking, Central --- 20th century --- International Monetary Fund --- 336.74 <1-773> --- 339.7 <1-773> --- 336.71 <1-773> --- -Monetary policy --- -Banks and banking, Central --- economie --- monetair beleid --- ontwikkelingslanden --- politique monetaire --- fmi --- histoire economique --- AA* / International - Internationaal --- 333.111.6 --- 341.246 --- 333.432.8 --- 333.481 --- 333.111.1 --- 330.05 --- 332.49 --- Banker's banks --- Banks, Central --- Central banking --- Central banks --- Banks and banking --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector.--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- Internationale financien. Buitenlands betalingsverkeer --(z.o {336})--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- Bankwezen--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- -monetair beleid --- imf --- economische geschiedenis --- Betrekkingen van de centrale banken met de overheid. Voorschotten aan de overheid. Monetaire financiering van de schatkist. --- Internationale monetaire akkoorden. --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten. --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering. --- Organieke wetten en statuten van centrale banken. --- Mezhdunarodnyĭ vali︠u︡tnyĭ fond --- Международный валютный фонд --- Miz︠h︡narodnyĭ vali︠u︡tnyĭ fond --- Fundo Monetário Internacional --- Fondo Monetario Internacional --- IMF (International Monetary Fund) --- FMI (International Monetary Fund) --- Internationaler Währungsfonds --- Kokusai Tsūka Kikin --- Fonds monétaire international --- Kukche Tʻonghwa Kigŭm --- Kansainvälinen Valuuttarahasto --- Kuo chi huo pi chi chin --- Fondul Monetar International --- Ṣundūq al-Naqd al-Dawlī --- Fondo M. Internacional --- IWF (International Monetary Fund) --- Kō̜ngthun Kānngœ̄n rawāng Prathēt --- MVF (International Monetary Fund) --- Międzynarodowy Fundusz Walutowy --- Mulya Aramudala --- I.M.F. (International Monetary Fund) --- Quỹ tiè̂n tệ quó̂c té̂ --- Nemzetközi Valuta Alap --- صندوق النقد الدولي --- 国际货币基金组织 --- 国際通貨基金 --- 國際貨幣基金組織 --- Fundu Monetariu Internacional --- Ṣundūq al-Naqd al-Duwalī --- DNT (Organization) --- Working papers --- 20th century. --- 336.71 <1-773> Bankwezen--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- 339.7 <1-773> Internationale financien. Buitenlands betalingsverkeer --(z.o {336})--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- 336.74 <1-773> Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector.--Gebieden in ontwikkeling. Ontwikkelingslanden --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Politique monétaire --- History&delete& --- Organieke wetten en statuten van centrale banken --- Betrekkingen van de centrale banken met de overheid. Voorschotten aan de overheid. Monetaire financiering van de schatkist --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering --- Internationale monetaire akkoorden --- IMF. --- Monetary policy - Developing countries --- Monetary policy - History - 20th century --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Monetary Policy --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Exchange rate arrangements --- Capital controls --- Exchange rates --- Balance of payments --- Prices --- Central bank autonomy --- Capital movements --- United States