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Three-dimensional printing, or additive manufacturing, is an emerging manufacturing process. Research and development are being performed worldwide to provide a better understanding of the science and technology of 3D printing to make high-quality parts in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner. This book includes contemporary, unique, and impactful research on 3D printing from leading organizations worldwide.

Technology: general issues --- metal additive manufacturing --- directed energy deposition --- alloy design --- elemental powder mixture --- advanced materials --- composition control --- porosity --- additive technology --- SLM --- computer tomography --- additive manufacture --- SLM Ti-6Al-4V --- variability --- anisotropy --- fatigue crack growth --- Ti-6Al-4V alloy --- laser powder bed fusion --- powder bed temperature --- microstructure evolution --- mechanical properties --- additive manufacturing --- pore --- pulsed emission --- X-ray imaging --- non-spherical --- hydride-dehydride (HDH) Ti-6Al-4V powder --- post-process heat treatment --- microstructure --- ductile fracture --- stress state --- Ti-6Al-4V --- 316L stainless steel --- soft materials --- smart materials --- stretchable devices --- FRP --- 3D printing --- defense --- FDM --- topology optimization --- neural network --- neural style transfer --- binder jetting --- sands --- vacuum thermoforming --- fiber reinforced composite --- n/a

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Three-dimensional printing, or additive manufacturing, is an emerging manufacturing process. Research and development are being performed worldwide to provide a better understanding of the science and technology of 3D printing to make high-quality parts in a cost-effective and time-efficient manner. This book includes contemporary, unique, and impactful research on 3D printing from leading organizations worldwide.

Technology: general issues --- metal additive manufacturing --- directed energy deposition --- alloy design --- elemental powder mixture --- advanced materials --- composition control --- porosity --- additive technology --- SLM --- computer tomography --- additive manufacture --- SLM Ti-6Al-4V --- variability --- anisotropy --- fatigue crack growth --- Ti-6Al-4V alloy --- laser powder bed fusion --- powder bed temperature --- microstructure evolution --- mechanical properties --- additive manufacturing --- pore --- pulsed emission --- X-ray imaging --- non-spherical --- hydride-dehydride (HDH) Ti-6Al-4V powder --- post-process heat treatment --- microstructure --- ductile fracture --- stress state --- Ti-6Al-4V --- 316L stainless steel --- soft materials --- smart materials --- stretchable devices --- FRP --- 3D printing --- defense --- FDM --- topology optimization --- neural network --- neural style transfer --- binder jetting --- sands --- vacuum thermoforming --- fiber reinforced composite

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Additive Manufacturing (AM), more popularly known as 3D printing, is transforming the industry. AM of metal components with virtually no geometric limitations has enabled new product design options and opportunities, increased product performance, shorter cycle time in part production, total cost reduction, shortened lead time, improved material efficiency, more sustainable products and processes, full circularity in the economy, and new revenue streams. This Special Issue of Metals gives an up-to-date account of the state of the art in AM.

Technology: general issues --- additive manufacturing --- support structures --- electron beam melting --- support structure removability --- biological origin hydroxyapatite --- bioactive layers --- cranial mesh implants --- selective laser melting --- 3D printing --- radio-frequency magnetron sputtering --- powder bed fusion --- single crystal --- grain selection --- cavity resonators --- filters --- microwave --- plating --- stereolithography --- thermal expansion --- three-dimensional printing --- directed energy deposition --- EN AW-7075 --- porosity --- ultimate tensile strength --- wire arc additive manufacturing --- WAAM --- microstructure --- magnesium --- mechanical properties --- scanning electron microscopy --- electron backscattered diffraction method --- direct energy deposition --- cold metal transfer --- 5356-aluminum --- temperature distribution --- metal powder bed fusion --- Ti–6Al–4V --- residual stresses --- heat treatments --- electron beam melting (EBM) --- process window --- stainless steel --- 316LN --- powder methods --- additive manufacturing (AM) --- post-processing --- 316L stainless-steel --- electron microscopy --- rapid tooling --- laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) --- production tools --- cold working --- hot working --- injection molding --- n/a --- Ti-6Al-4V

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Additive Manufacturing (AM), more popularly known as 3D printing, is transforming the industry. AM of metal components with virtually no geometric limitations has enabled new product design options and opportunities, increased product performance, shorter cycle time in part production, total cost reduction, shortened lead time, improved material efficiency, more sustainable products and processes, full circularity in the economy, and new revenue streams. This Special Issue of Metals gives an up-to-date account of the state of the art in AM.

Technology: general issues --- additive manufacturing --- support structures --- electron beam melting --- support structure removability --- biological origin hydroxyapatite --- bioactive layers --- cranial mesh implants --- selective laser melting --- 3D printing --- radio-frequency magnetron sputtering --- powder bed fusion --- single crystal --- grain selection --- cavity resonators --- filters --- microwave --- plating --- stereolithography --- thermal expansion --- three-dimensional printing --- directed energy deposition --- EN AW-7075 --- porosity --- ultimate tensile strength --- wire arc additive manufacturing --- WAAM --- microstructure --- magnesium --- mechanical properties --- scanning electron microscopy --- electron backscattered diffraction method --- direct energy deposition --- cold metal transfer --- 5356-aluminum --- temperature distribution --- metal powder bed fusion --- Ti-6Al-4V --- residual stresses --- heat treatments --- electron beam melting (EBM) --- process window --- stainless steel --- 316LN --- powder methods --- additive manufacturing (AM) --- post-processing --- 316L stainless-steel --- electron microscopy --- rapid tooling --- laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) --- production tools --- cold working --- hot working --- injection molding

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This book aims to summarize the latest achievements in the development and manufacturing of modern biomaterials used in modern medicine and dentistry, for example, in cases where, as a result of a traffic or sports accident, aging, resection of organs after oncological surgery, or dangerous inflammation, there is a need to replace lost organs, tissues, and parts of the human body. The essence of biomedical materials is their constant contact with living tissues, organisms, or microorganisms and, therefore, they should meet numerous requirements from various fields, including medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering, and materials science. For this reason, biomaterials must be compatible with the organism, and biocompatibility issues must be addressed before using the product in a clinical setting. The production and synthesis of biomaterials require the use of various technologies and methods to obtain the appropriate material, which is then processed using advanced material processing technologies. Often, however, it is necessary to directly manufacture a specific product with individualized geometric features and properties tailored to the requirements of a particular patient. In such cases, additive manufacturing methods are increasingly used. In this sense, it can be considered that the Biomaterials 4.0 stage has been reached, and detailed information is included in the individual chapters of this book on the achievements in the development and manufacturing of modern biomaterials used in modern regenerative medicine, regenerative dentistry, and tissue engineering.

sol-gel phase transitions --- injectable scaffolds --- chitosan --- calcium β-glycerophosphate --- rheology --- bone tissue engineering --- diblock copolymers --- drug delivery systems --- nanoparticles --- nanoprecipitation --- self-assembly --- implant --- stainless steel --- nickel --- leaching --- nitrogen --- cytotoxicity --- nanodendrites --- nanostar --- fibroblast cells --- gelatin --- one-pot synthesis --- hollow mesoporous silica --- porous silica --- high drug loading capacity --- drug delivery system --- fretting --- fretting wear --- Ni-Cr-Mo --- dental alloys --- titaniumcarbonitride --- Ti(C, N) coating --- thin films --- zirconium carbide --- antimicrobial properties --- medical implants --- 316L stainless steel --- sintering --- surface nitriding --- nitrogen absorption --- response surface methodology --- sodium alginate --- hydrogel material --- regenerative medicine --- urethra --- hybrid materials --- hydroxyapatite --- FEA --- V-shaped tooth defects --- fillings --- glass-ionomer cement --- flowable composite --- stomatognathic system --- prosthetic restorations --- surgical guide --- dental prosthesis restoration manufacturing center --- CBCT tomography --- dental implants --- implant-scaffolds --- hybrid multilayer biological-engineering composites biomaterials --- CAD/CAM methods --- additive manufacturing technologies --- selective laser sintering --- stereolithography --- Dentistry 4.0 --- Industry 4.0 --- robocasting --- bioactive glass --- scaffold --- sol–gel --- 45S5 Bioglass® --- biomaterials --- biomedical implants --- additive manufacturing --- dental prosthetic restorations --- Ti6Al4V dental alloy --- structural X-ray analysis --- energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope --- metallography --- tensile and bending strength --- corrosion resistance --- tribological tests --- in-vitro tests --- industry 4.0 --- dentistry 4.0 --- SARS-CoV-2 pandemic --- SPEC strategy --- elimination clinical aerosol at the source --- dendrological matrix --- photopolymer materials --- additive digital light printing --- dentistry sustainable development --- dental prophylaxis --- dental interventionistic treatment --- caries --- periodontology --- toothlessness --- endodontics --- dental implantology --- dental prosthetics --- dentist safety --- dentist ethics --- Co–Cr dental alloys --- corrosion --- porcelain firing --- SLM --- MSM --- CST --- light-cured composites --- photopolymerization process --- microhardness --- optimization --- regression analysis --- health --- well-being --- long and healthy life policy --- medicine --- dentistry --- medical ethics --- COVID-19 pandemic --- bioengineering --- medical engineering --- dental engineering --- biomedical materials --- Bioengineering 4.0 --- engineers’ ethics --- filling materials --- sealants --- obturation --- gutta-percha --- Resilon --- procedural benchmarking --- comparative matrices --- virtual approach --- digital twin --- scanning electron microscopy --- n/a --- sol-gel --- Co-Cr dental alloys --- engineers' ethics --- Waddawalla / Well 40 (Great Sandy Desert WA SF51-08)