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Lobjet de ce chapitre est de donner un apercʹu des types de taxes et subventions energetiques en place dans les 71 pays etudies et de fournir une estimation de leur effet net sur les finances publiques. Y sont ensuite compares les valeurs du taux effectif net de lenergie (TEE net) des diffeÌrents usages eÌnergetiques, qu'ils concernent les eÌnergies fossiles ou les sources non eÌmettrices de CO2, telles que l'hydraulique, l'eolienne et la solaire. Le TEE net correspond a la somme des droits daccise sur les combustibles et carburants, ainsi que sur lelectriciteÌ, des taxes carbone et des prix des permis neÌgociables demissions de CO2 liees aÌ€ la consommation denergie, apres deÌduction des subventions aux eÌnergies fossiles et a lelectriciteÌ qui abaissent les prix eÌnergeÌtiques hors taxes. En l'occurrence, il est notamment utiliseÌ pour veÌrifier si les eÌnergies fossiles sont effectivement davantage taxeÌes que les autres sources denergies ainsi qu'a comparer les taux effectifs d'imposition du diesel et de lessence.
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User charges --- User charges --- Case studies
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User charges --- E-books
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Beneficiary charges are monies collected from the individual consumers of government services. An equitable beneficiary charge is one that minimizes adverse effects on the disadvantaged. The growing prominence of beneficiary charges in local government prompted a program of studies at RAND designed to explore the efficacy and equity of this method of financing public services. The present guide was prepared, with its summary of findings, as an aid for local governments that may contemplate adopting the equitable beneficiary-based finance (EBBF) approach. The body of this guide consists of questions and brief answers about EBBF. The aim is to lend practical assistance to local government officials and managers who are interested in exploring the promise of EBBF for their jurisdictions.
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GAO was asked to study how user fee design characteristics may influence the effectiveness of user fees. Specifically, GAO examined how the four key design and implementation characteristics of user fees -- how fees are set, collected, used, and reviewed -- may affect the economic efficiency, equity, revenue adequacy, and administrative burden of cost-based fees. GAO reviewed economic and policy literature on federal and nonfederal user fees, including prior GAO work, and used relevant case examples to illustrate different types of design elements and the impacts they may have.
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Roads --- User charges --- Finance.
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