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Ural-Altaic languages --- Participle --- Determiners --- -Ural-Altaic languages --- -Scythian languages --- Turanian languages --- Altaic languages --- Samoyedic languages --- -Participle --- Scythian languages --- Ural-Altaic languages - Participle --- Ural-Altaic languages - Determiners

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Professor György Kara, an outstanding member of academia, celebrated his 80th birthday recently. His students and colleagues commemorate this occasion with papers on a wide range of topics in Altaic Studies, with a focus on the literacy, culture and languages of the steppe civilizations.

Altaic philology. --- Altaic languages. --- Scythian languages --- Transeurasian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages

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Scythians --- Altaic languages --- Altaic languages. --- Scythians. --- Scythen. --- Taalverwantschap. --- Iranians --- Sauromatians --- Scythian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Transeurasian languages

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Double-negative periphrastic litotes have been for nearly three centuries the usual way to express necessitive predicates in Japanese and Korean. These constructions do not, however, go back to the earliest stages of these languages and should not be invoked as evidence of a possible common origin. But Korean also has a double-affirmative periphrastic necessitive construction. Premodern Japanese has no overt counterpart to it, but it does have an auxiliary adjective that expresses necessity. I argue that this auxiliary was a grammaticalization of a periphrastic analogous in form and meaning to

Altaic languages --- Scythian languages --- Transeurasian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Grammaticalization. --- Grammar, Comparative. --- Morphology. --- Syntax.

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Altaic languages --- Langues altaïques --- Etymology --- Dictionaries --- Etymologie --- Dictionnaires --- Langues altaïques --- Scythian languages --- Proto-Altaic language --- Ural-Altaic languages --- Transeurasian languages --- Dictionaries.