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Beads --- Pendants (Jewelry) --- Perles

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pendants [jewelry] --- masks [costume] --- brass [alloy] --- Benin

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This volume elucidates the lapidary technologies and social organisation of pre-Columbian Costa Rica (500 BCE - 900 CE) by analysing the manufacturing and social role of lapidary ornaments, known as celtiform pendants. These pendants are characterised by skilfully decorated carvings on celtiform semiprecious rocks and minerals, such as jadeite. A human or animal face is carved on the poll of the axe, and these sophisticated images require large amounts of time and effort to create, hence they are interpreted as status symbols and prestigious objects. They represent a thousand years of tradition of the manufacture of high-status ornaments and were used by elite members of Indigenous Costa Rican societies. Although ancient Costa Rican society was formed by different social-cultural groups, to some extent societal integration was achieved by a widely shared material culture: celtiform pendants. In addition to stylistic evaluations of these objects in specific sites and features, the text examines their manufacture via experimental archaeology and traceology.

Pendants (Jewelry) --- History --- Material culture --- Costa Rica --- Antiquities.

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Animals in art --- Bronzes --- Pendants (Jewelry) --- Catalogs --- Permʹ Region (Russia) --- Antiquities --- Catalogs.

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During funerals of nobles in the Kuba kingdom (Democratic Republic of Congo), visitors used to theatrically offer so-called bongotols to the deceased and the mourning family. These highly appreciated valuables were either positioned under the corpse to support it or displayed on top of it. In addition to their religious meaning they displayed the status and wealth of both givers and takers. Visitors would receive similar items in return. Afterwards the bongotols were stashed until, on occasion of a next burial, they would continue their cycles of gift and counter gift among the titled Kuba aristocracy. Death and display brings ethnographic research and archival sources to bear on these intriguing heirlooms. Their rich iconography offers a kaleidoscope of traditional Kuba sociality, cosmology and ritual.

Folklore --- Applied arts. Arts and crafts --- pendants [jewelry] --- funerary art --- funerary objects --- Kuba [Democratic Republic of Congo style] --- Congo (river) --- Kuba (African people) --- Art, Kuba. --- Art, Kuba