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During survey data collection, respondents' answers may be influenced by the behavior and characteristics of the enumerator, the so-called enumerator effect. Using a large-scale experiment in Uganda randomly pairing enumerators and respondents, the study explores for which types of questions the enumerator effect may exist. It is found that the enumerator effect is minimal in many questions, but is large for political preference questions, for which it can account for over 30 of the variation in responses. The study then explores which enumerator characteristics, and which of their combination with respondent characteristics, could account for this effect. Finally, the conclusion provides some practical suggestions on how to minimize enumerator effects, and potential bias, in various types of data collections.

Occupational surveys.

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Artists --- Arts --- Occupational surveys

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Thousands of resumes were sent in response to online job postings across multiple occupations in Toronto to investigate why Canadian immigrants, allowed in based on skill, struggle in the labor market. Resumes were constructed to plausibly represent recent immigrants under the point system from the three largest countries of origin (China, India, and Pakistan) and Britain, as well as non-immigrants with and without ethnic-sounding names. In addition to names, I randomized where applicants received their undergraduate degree, whether their job experience was gained in Toronto or Mumbai (or another foreign city), whether they listed being fluent in multiple languages (including French). The study produced four main findings: 1) Interview request rates for English-named applicants with Canadian education and experience were more than three times higher compared to resumes with Chinese, Indian, or Pakistani names with foreign education and experience (5 percent versus 16 percent), but were no different compared to foreign applicants from Britain. 2) Employers valued experience acquired in Canada much more than if acquired in a foreign country. Changing foreign resumes to include only experience from Canada raised callback rates to 11 percent. 3) Among resumes listing 4 to 6 years of Canadian experience, whether an applicant's degree was from Canada or not, or whether the applicant obtained additional Canadian education or not had no impact on the chances for an interview request. 4) Canadian applicants that differed only by name had substantially different callback rates: Those with English-sounding names received interview requests 40 percent more often than applicants with Chinese, Indian, or Pakistani names (16 percent versus 11 percent). Overall, the results suggest considerable employer discrimination against applicants with ethnic names or with experience from foreign firms.

Immigrants --- Occupational surveys --- Skilled labor --- Employment --- Employment

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Fort d'un nombre de salariés équivalent aux effectifs de la fonction publique territoriale, aux statuts multiples auxquels s'ajoutent 14 millions de bénévoles, mais aussi des volontaires et des stagiaires, le monde associatif est devenu un véritable marché du travail. Pourtant, dans les représentations collectives, ce monde demeure consacré comme celui du bénévolat, du don de soi et de l'engagement citoyen. Loin d'être un monde « hors du monde », il cristallise les « grandes transformations » qui caractérisent la société salariale : d'une part, il est le lieu de luttes de classement dans la définition des frontières entre secteur marchand et secteur non-marchand. De l'autre, il mêle des pratiques que la société reconnaît comme relevant de la sphère productive puisqu'elles sont intégrées au salariat, à des prestations réalisées dans le cadre du bénévolat et du volontariat. En ce sens, il interroge les catégories traditionnelles du « travail ». Cet ouvrage démontre ainsi que la catégorie des « travailleurs associatifs » constitue désormais une fraction du salariat que l'on ne peut plus ignorer. Car l'explosion du travail associatif ne peut être interprétée en dehors des mutations de la fonction publique, tout simplement parce que ce travail incarne une forme alternative de service de l'intérêt général. De fait, le salariat dans le secteur associatif représente une alternative de plus en plus sérieuse à la raréfaction des postes de fonctionnaires, en particulier pour les jeunes sortants de formation qui, en d'autres temps, se seraient destinés à servir la collectivité en intégrant la fonction publique.

Associations, institutions, etc, --- Associations, institutions, etc --- Occupational surveys --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Societies & Clubs --- Employees

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Artists --- Arts --- Occupational surveys --- Social surveys --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Occidental --- Arts, Western --- Fine arts --- Humanities --- Persons --- E-books --- Arts, Primitive