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This paper examines segregation in American cities from 1890 to 1990. We divide the century into three time periods. From 1890 to 1940, ghettos were born as blacks migrated to urban areas and cities developed vast expanses filled with nearly exclusively black housing. From 1940 to 1970, black migration continued and ghettos expanded. Since 1970, there has been a decline in segregation as blacks have moved to suburban areas and central cities have become less segregated. Across all of these time periods there is a strong positive relation between urban population or density and segregation. We then examine why segregation has varied so much over time. We find evidence that the mechanism sustaining segregation has changed. In the mid-20th century taken by whites to exclude blacks from their neighborhoods. By 1990, these legal barriers enforcing segregation had been replaced by decentralized racism, where whites pay more than blacks to live in predominantly white areas.
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Gangs --- Inner cities
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A cutting-edge collection of original essays from leading scholars examining the contemporary state of the ghetto in all its forms
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La société nous repousse. C'est comme dans les ghettos américains. En France, on a parqué tout le monde d'origine dans les quartiers. » (Adil, 26 ans, employé) Ni assimilé ni étranger, l'habitant du ghetto vit dans un entre-deux, un espace particulier qui n'est pas totalement hors de la société mais qui n'en fait pas partie non plus. Il a le sentiment que la société dont il partage les valeurs l'empêche d'avancer comme de revenir en arrière. Le ghetto urbain est à la fois une cage et un cocon. Les habitants qui y sont relégués ont élaboré en ses murs un mode de vie particulier, un contre-monde qui les protège collectivement de la société extérieure mais qui constitue un handicap pour chacun. Ensemble, ils travaillent à la fabrication d'un univers auquel individuellement ils tentent d'échapper. Renforcement de la ségrégation urbaine et de la discrimination raciale, accroissement considérable du chômage et de la pauvreté, organisation sociale spécifique aux quartiers ségrégés, rupture de la communication entre les sexes et usage endémique de la violence : le ghetto est bel et bien devenu une réalité française. Didier Lapeyronnie en fait l'indiscutable démonstration.
Inner cities --- Poverty.
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Probation --- Inner cities --- Probation - England. --- Inner cities - England.
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Jewish ghettos --- Inner cities --- Segregation
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Sociology, Urban --- Inner cities --- Slums
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