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In vitro --- Fertilization in vitro

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La phototoxicité (photo-irritation) cutanée est définie comme une réaction toxique aiguë causée par des produits chimiques photoréactifs après administration de ces produits par la peau et exposition de la peau à la lumière ambiante. L'essai in vitro de phototoxicité sur épiderme humain reconstitué (EhR) vise à identifier le potentiel phototoxique d'un produit chimique d'essai administré par voie topique sur des tissus épidermiques humains reconstitués, avec ou sans exposition à la lumière solaire simulée. On évalue le potentiel phototoxique en calculant la réduction relative de la viabilité cellulaire, c'est-à-dire le rapport entre les viabilités des cellules exposées au produit chimique d'essai en présence de lumière solaire simulée et en l'absence de cette lumière. Les produits chimiques identifiés par cet essai sont susceptibles d'être phototoxiques in vivo, après administration par voie topique sur la peau, les yeux ou d'autres épithéliums externes exposés à la lumière.

Toxicity testing --- In vitro.

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Toxicity testing --- In vitro

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In the past several decades, there has been a substantial increase in the availability of in vitro test methods for evaluating chemical safety in an international regulatory context. To foster confidence in in vitro alternatives to animal testing, the test methods and conditions under which data are generated must adhere to defined standards to ensure resulting data are rigorous and reproducible. Good In vitro Method Practices (GIVIMP) for the development and implementation of in vitro methods for regulatory use in human safety assessment aims to help reduce the uncertainties in cell and tissue-based in vitro method derived chemical safety predictions. GIVIMP provides guidance for test method developers and end users of resulting data on key elementes of in vitro methods. GIVIMP tackles ten important aspects related to in vitro work: (1) Roles and responsibilities, (2) Quality considerations, (3) Facilities (4) Apparatus, material and reagents, (5) Test systems, (6) Test and reference/control items, (7) Standard operating procedures (SOPs), (8) Performance of the method, (9) Reporting of results, (10) Storage and retention of records and materials.

Toxicity testing --- In vitro.

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Contemporary Dutch policy and legislation facilitate the use of high quality, accessible and affordable assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) to all citizens in need of them, while at the same time setting some strict boundaries on their use in daily clinical practices. Through the ethnographic study of a single clinic in this national context, Patient-Centred IVF examines how this particular form of medicine, aiming to empower its patients, co-shapes the experiences, views and decisions of those using these technologies. Gerrits contends that to understand the use of reproductive technologies in practice and the complexity of processes of medicalization, we need to go beyond ‘easy assumptions’ about the hegemony of biomedicine and the expected impact of patient-centredness.

Fertilization in vitro. --- Netherlands