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This Inventory is concerned with direct budgetary transfers and tax expenditures that relate to fossil fuels, regardless of their impact or of the purpose for which the measures were first put in place. It has been undertaken as an exercise in transparency, and to inform the international dialogue on fossil-fuel subsidy reform. For each of the 34 OECD countries covered, the Inventory provides a succinct summary of its energy economy, and of the budgetary and tax-related measures provided at the central-government level (and, in the case of federal countries, for selected sub-national units of government) relating to fossil-fuel production or consumption. The transfers associated with these measures are reported for recent years using the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) and Consumer Support Estimate (CSE) as organising frameworks. These frameworks have already been used extensively by the OECD, most notably in respect of agriculture. The Inventory covers a wide range of measures that provide a benefit or preference for a particular activity or a particular product, either in absolute terms or relative to other activities or products, against a specified baseline. Many measures listed in this inventory are relative preferences within a particular country’s tax system rather than absolute support that can be readily compared across countries, and for that reason no national totals are provided.

Fossil fuels. --- Fossil energy --- Fuel --- Energy minerals

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Fossil fuels. --- Fossil energy --- Fuel --- Energy minerals

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This volume contains papers presented at the 8th International Conference on Coal Science, held in Oviedo, Spain, September 10-15, 1995. Volume I contains papers dealing with Fundamentals and General Aspects, Combustion and Gasification and Pyrolysis and Carbonization. Volume II covers papers discussing Liquefaction and Hydropyrolysis and Coal and the Environment. The scope of topics covered will give the reader a state-of-the-art impression of coal characterization and depolymerization, coal-derived carbons, coal carbonization and liquefaction, and the progress towards making coal an enviro

Coal --- Fossil fuels --- Fossil energy --- Fuel --- Energy minerals

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Cette publication porte sur l’ensemble des politiques qui soutiennent directement la production ou la consommation de combustibles fossiles dans les pays de l’OCDE et une sélection d’économies partenaires. Elle fournit un complément utile à la base de données en ligne de l’OCDE, qui identifie et estime les transferts budgétaires directs et les dépenses fiscales bénéficiant aux combustibles fossiles, et à partir de laquelle sont tirés des résultats et des indicateurs synthétiques sur le soutien aux combustibles fossiles, ainsi que des recommandations politiques. Ce rapport met l’accent sur les problèmes engendrés par les subventions aux combustibles fossiles dans le contexte plus large des efforts politiques entrepris pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, passant également en revue les différentes initiatives de réforme prises au niveau international (G-20, APEC, etc.). Il présente en outre la couverture, la méthode et les sources utilisées pour construire la base de données en ligne et examine les limites et restrictions qui s’appliquent dans l’interprétation des données.

Taxation --- Trade --- Environment --- Energy --- Fossil fuels --- Fossil energy --- Fuel --- Energy minerals

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Fossil fuels. --- Petroleum. --- Coal-oil --- Crude oil --- Oil --- Caustobioliths --- Mineral oils --- Fossil energy --- Fuel --- Energy minerals