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Science --- Physics --- Wave-particle duality --- Philosophy --- History. --- Methodology --- -Science --- -Wave-particle duality --- -Dualism, Wave-particle --- Duality principle (Physics) --- Wave-corpuscle duality --- Complementarity (Physics) --- Electromagnetic waves --- Matter --- Radiation --- Wave mechanics --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- -History --- History --- Constitution --- -Methodology --- Dualism, Wave-particle --- Methodology&delete& --- Philosophy&delete& --- Natural sciences --- Science - Philosophy - History. --- Physics - Methodology - History. --- Wave-particle duality - History.

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A collection of essays by the scientific philosopher Peter Achinstein, representing the culmination of his examination of methodological issues arising from 19th century physics. He focuses on philosophical problems surrounding the postulation of unobservable entities such as light waves.

Science --- Physics --- Wave-particle duality --- Dualism, Wave-particle --- Duality principle (Physics) --- Wave-corpuscle duality --- Complementarity (Physics) --- Electromagnetic waves --- Matter --- Radiation --- Wave mechanics --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Philosophy --- History. --- Methodology --- Constitution --- Science - Philosophy - History. --- Physics - Methodology - History. --- Wave-particle duality - History.

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The early twentieth century brought about the rejection by physicists of the doctrine of determinism - the belief that complete knowledge of the initial conditions of an interaction in nature allows precise and unambiguous prediction of the outcome. This book traces the origins of a central problem leading to this change in viewpoint and paradoxes raised by attempts to formulate a consistent theory of the nature of light. It outlines the different approaches adopted by members of different national cultures to the apparent inconsistencies, explains why Einstein's early (1905) attempt at a resolution was not taken seriously for fifteen years, and describes the mixture of ideas that created a route to a new, antideterministic formulation of the laws of nature. Dr Wheaton describes the experimental work on the new forms of radiation found at the turn of the century and shows how the interpretation of energy transfer from X-rays to matter gradually transformed a classical wave explanation of light to one based on particle like quanta of energy, and further, he explains how influential scientists came reluctantly to accept a wavelike interpretation of matter as well. This new and distinctively different account of one of the major theoretical shifts in modern physical thought will be of fundamental interest to physical scientists and philosophers, as well as to historians of science.

Wave-particle duality --- Radiation --- X-rays --- Gamma rays --- History --- -Radiation --- -Wave-particle duality --- -X-rays --- -53 <09> --- Rays, Roentgen --- Roentgen rays --- Roentgenograms --- Electromagnetic waves --- Ionizing radiation --- Cathode rays --- Radiography --- Vacuum-tubes --- Dualism, Wave-particle --- Duality principle (Physics) --- Wave-corpuscle duality --- Complementarity (Physics) --- Matter --- Wave mechanics --- Physics --- Radiology --- Gamma radiation --- Physics--Geschiedenis van ... --- Constitution --- History. --- 53 <09> Physics--Geschiedenis van ... --- 53 <09> --- Physics--Geschiedenis van .. --- Arts and Humanities --- Wave-particle duality - History --- Radiation - History --- X-rays - History --- Gamma rays - History

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It goes without saying that atomic structure, including its dual wave-particle nature, cannot be demonstrated in the classroom. Thus, for most science teachers, especially those in physics and chemistry, the textbook is their key resource and their students’ core source of information. Science education historiography recognizes the role played by the history and philosophy of science in developing the content of our textbooks, and with this in mind, the authors analyze more than 120 general chemistry textbooks published in the USA, based on criteria derived from a historical reconstruction of wave-particle duality. They come to some revealing conclusions, including the fact that very few textbooks discussed issues such as the suggestion, by both Einstein and de Broglie, and before conclusive experimental evidence was available, that wave-particle duality existed. Other large-scale omissions included de Broglie’s prescription for observing this duality, and the importance of the Davisson-Germer experiments, as well as the struggle to interpret the experimental data they were collecting. Also untouched was the background to the role played by Schrödinger in developing de Broglie’s ideas. The authors argue that rectifying these deficiencies will arouse students’ curiosity by giving them the opportunity to engage creatively with the content of science curricula. They also assert that it isn’t just the experimental data in science that matters, but the theoretical insights and unwonted inspirations, too. In addition, the controversies and discrepancies in the theoretical and experimental record are key drivers in understanding the development of science as we know it today.

Chemistry -- Study and teaching -- History. --- Chemistry -- Study and teaching. --- Wave-particle duality. --- Wave-particle duality --- Chemistry --- Education --- Physics --- Social Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Light & Optics --- Education, Special Topics --- History --- Study and teaching --- Study and teaching. --- Dualism, Wave-particle --- Duality principle (Physics) --- Wave-corpuscle duality --- Education. --- History. --- Philosophy and science. --- Science education. --- Teaching. --- Science Education. --- Teaching and Teacher Education. --- Learning & Instruction. --- History of Science. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Complementarity (Physics) --- Electromagnetic waves --- Matter --- Radiation --- Wave mechanics --- Constitution --- Science --- Philosophy. --- Science education --- Scientific education --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Learning. --- Instruction. --- Science and philosophy --- Learning process --- Comprehension --- Didactics --- Instruction --- Pedagogy --- School teaching --- Schoolteaching --- Instructional systems --- Pedagogical content knowledge --- Training --- Teachers --- Learning, Psychology of. --- Instructional Psychology. --- Training of. --- Learning --- Psychology of learning --- Educational psychology --- Learning ability --- Teacher education --- Teacher training --- Teachers, Training of --- Psychological aspects

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Quantum mechanics, discovered by Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger in 1925-1926, is famous for its radical implications for our conception of physics and for our view of human knowledge in general. While these implications have been seen as scientifically productive and intellectually liberating to some, Niels Bohr and Heisenberg, among them, they have been troublesome to many others, including Schrödinger and, most famously, Albert Einstein. The situation led to the intense debate that started in the wake of its discovery and has continued into our own time, with no end appearing to be in sight. Epistemology and Probability aims to contribute to our understanding of quantum mechanics and of the reasons for its extraordinary impact by reconsidering, under the rubric of "nonclassical epistemology," the nature of epistemology and probability, and their relationships in quantum theory. The book brings together the thought of the three figures most responsible for the rise of quantum mechanics Heisenberg and Schrödinger, on the physical side, and Bohr, on the philosophical side in order to develop a deeper sense of the physical, mathematical, and philosophical workings of quantum-theoretical thinking. Reciprocally, giving a special emphasis on probability and specifically to the Bayesian concept of probability allows the book to gain new insights into the thought of these figures. The book reconsiders, from this perspective, the Bohr-Einstein debate on the epistemology of quantum physics and, in particular, offers a new treatment of the famous experiment of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR), and of the Bohr-Einstein exchange concerning the subject. It also addresses the relevant aspects of quantum information theory and considers the implications of its epistemological argument for higher-level quantum theories, such as quantum field theory and string and brane theories. One of the main contributions of the book is its analysis of the role of mathematics in quantum theory and in the thinking of Bohr, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger, in particular an examination of the new (vis-à-vis classical physics and relativity) type of the relationships between mathematics and physics introduced by Heisenberg in the course of his discovery of quantum mechanics. Although Epistemology and Probability is aimed at physicists, philosophers and historians of science, and graduate and advanced undergraduate students in these fields, it is also written with a broader audience in mind and is accessible to readers unfamiliar with the higher-level mathematics used in quantum theory.

Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy of science --- Operational research. Game theory --- Probability theory --- Quantum mechanics. Quantumfield theory --- Elementary particles --- elementaire deeltjes --- quantumfysica --- waarschijnlijkheidstheorie --- stochastische analyse --- kwantumleer --- wetenschapsfilosofie --- kennisleer --- fysica --- kansrekening --- Causality (Physics) --- Complementarity (Physics) --- Heisenberg uncertainty principle --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Physics --- Quantum theory --- Schrödinger equation --- Wave-particle duality --- Dualism, Wave-particle --- Duality principle (Physics) --- Wave-corpuscle duality --- Electromagnetic waves --- Matter --- Radiation --- Wave mechanics --- Equation, Schrödinger --- Schrödinger wave equation --- Differential equations, Partial --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- WKB approximation --- Epistemology --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Indeterminancy principle --- Uncertainty principle --- Causality --- Nuclear physics --- History --- Mathematics --- Constitution --- Bohr, Niels, --- Heisenberg, Werner --- Schrödinger, Erwin, --- Schredinger, Ervin, --- Schrödinger, E. --- Schroedinger, Erwin, --- Boer, Niersi, --- Boerh, Niersi, --- Bohr, N. --- Bohr, Niels Henrik David, --- Bor, Nil's,