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Social Darwinism --- Philosophy. --- Darwinism, Social --- Philosophy --- Competition --- Social change --- Social conflict --- Social evolution

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This Element is a philosophical history of Social Darwinism. It begins by discussing the meaning of the term, moving then to its origins, paying particular attention to whether it is Charles Darwin or Herbert Spencer who is the true father of the idea. It gives an exposition of early thinking on the subject, covering Darwin and Spencer themselves and then on to Social Darwinism as found in American thought, with special emphasis on Andrew Carnegie, and Germany with special emphasis on Friedrich von Bernhardi. Attention is also paid to outliers, notably the Englishman Alfred Russel Wallace, the Russian Peter Kropotkin, and the German Friedrich Nietzsche. From here we move into the twentieth century looking at Adolf Hitler - hardly a regular Social Darwinian given he did not believe in evolution - and in the Anglophone world, Julian Huxley and Edward O. Wilson, who reflected the concerns of their society.

Social Darwinism. --- Darwinism, Social --- Competition --- Social change --- Social conflict --- Social evolution --- Social Darwinism

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Evolution. Phylogeny --- Sociology of culture --- Darwinism [Social ] --- Darwinisme social --- Sociaal Darwinisme --- Social Darwinism --- Social evolution --- Cultural evolution --- Cultural transformation --- Culture, Evolution of --- Culture --- Evolution --- Social change

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In Germany, more than anywhere else, Darwinism was a sensational success. Setting his analysis against the background of popular science, Kelly follows popular Darwinism as it permeated education, religion, politics, and social thought in Germany. He explains how the popularizers changed Darwin's thought in subtle ways and how these changes colored their perceptions of Darwinism. Among the first purveyors of mass culture, the Germans provide valuable clues as to how seminal ideas move through a society. Originally published in 1981.

Philosophy, German --- Social Darwinism --- Darwinism, Social --- Competition --- Social change --- Social conflict --- Social evolution --- History. --- Darwin, Charles, --- Darwin, Charles, Robert --- Germany --- Intellectual life

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truggle for existence, survival of the fittest ... It has long been believed that the use for political and social purposes of the theories of Charles Darwin was a specialty of the Anglo-Saxon countries only. Contrary to this generally accepted idea, the author maintains that a real Darwinian culture developed in France in the last century, far beyond the inner circle of scientists, and often against their will. For the attention to mediators of a scientific culture, this book shows how in his philosophical debates, religious and political, the France of the long nineteenth ecentury first expressed its fascination and then its reluctance for the new evolutionary ideas of Charles Darwin. The in-depth study of the phenomena of circulation, rooting or rejection of a scientific ideology ultimately sheds a singular light on the resistance of French scientists to Darwinian theories, resistance which made them fall far behind in the field of evolutionary biology.

Social Darwinism --- -Darwinism, Social --- -Social Darwinism --- Darwinism, Social --- Competition --- Social change --- Social conflict --- Social evolution --- Darwinisme social --- France --- History --- 18th-19th centuries --- Darwinism. --- Ideology. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Philosophy --- Political science --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Social Darwinism - France --- darwinisme social --- racisme --- Troisième République --- eugénisme