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The negros congos of Panama's Caribbean coast are a unique cultural manifestation of Afro-Hispanic contact. During Carnival season each year, this group reenacts dramatic events which affected black slaves in colonial Panama, performs dances and pantomimes, and enforces a set of ritual laws' and punishments'. A key component of congo games is a special dialect, the hablar en congos, which is employed by a subset of the congos in each settlement. The present study investigates the congo dialect from a linguistic point of view along two dimensions.

Creole dialects, Spanish --- Spanish Creole languages

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Creole dialects --- Creole dialects, French --- Phonology --- -Creole dialects, French --- -French Creole languages --- Creole languages --- Creolized languages --- Languages, Mixed --- Pidgin languages --- Phonology. --- -Phonology --- French Creole languages

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Creole languages lexified by Spanish and Portuguese have played a relatively small role in theories of creole genesis. This volume argues that there is not a priori reason to give English and French-based plantation creoles a preferential treatment, but shows that Iberian-based creoles demonstrate a diversity of complex circumstances that any overarching theory of creole genesis ought to take into account.

Creole dialects, Spanish --- Creole dialects, Portuguese --- Creole dialects --- Congresses --- History. --- Congresses. --- Spanish Creole languages --- Creole languages --- Creolized languages --- Languages, Mixed --- Pidgin languages --- Portuguese Creole languages --- History

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This paper addresses the issue of complexity in language creation and the time it takes for 'complex' structures to emerge in the history of a language. The presence of morphological material is often equated to a certain degree of complexity or is taken to signify a certain time-depth in the history of a language (e.g. Dahl 2004; McWhorter 2005). Though this assumption may be seen as trivial in the absence of a theoretically-based definition of complexity (Muysken 1988), or even misleading (Aboh and Ansaldo 2007; Farquharson 2007), we here put it to a test by looking at morphology in a relatively 'young' language, namely Sri Lanka Malay (SLM). SLM is a mixed language which shows considerably more morphological material and other signs of old age than 'prototypical' creoles. We explain this by arguing (a) that structural output in language genesis is closely motivated by the typology of the input languages and (b) that our understanding of rate of change needs to be revised to take into account ecological matters.

Creole dialects. --- Creole languages --- Creolized languages --- Languages, Mixed --- Pidgin languages

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This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the conference »Palenque, Cartagena y Afro-Caribe conexiones históricas y lingüísticas, Cartagena, Colombia«, held at the University of Cartagena in late 1996. The volume features 17 articles by leading figures in the fields of Afro-Hispanic linguistics, creolistics, history, and anthropology. It reflects the state of the art on Palenquero research, and is representative of scholars' special interests in Palenquero.

Creole dialects, Spanish --- Spanish Creole languages --- Colombia --- Afrikanska influenser.