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Costa Rica has a long-established humanitarian tradition as a country of asylum for refugees fleeing repressive regimes in other South American countries. Salvadorean refugees began arriving in Costa Rica in 1980, and many of them received assistance directed at making them self-sufficient. In Keeping Heads Above Water Tanya Basok focuses on the urban development programs funded and implemented by various international and domestic, governmental and non-governmental agencies. Basing her study on extensive field-work with Salvadorean refugees, she addresses the questions of why some small urban refugee enterprises failed, and how and why others survived and flourished.

Salvadorans --- Political refugees --- Asylum seekers --- Refugees, Political --- Refugees --- Salvadoreans --- Salvadorians --- Ethnology --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions.

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"During the violent years of war marking Cuba's final push for independence from Spain, over 3,000 Cuban emigres, men and women, rich and poor, fled to Mexico.... Mexico was a key site ... from which the expatriates helped launch a mobile and politically active Cuban diaspora around the Gulf of Mexico"--

Political refugees --- Cubans --- Ethnology --- Asylum seekers --- Refugees, Political --- Refugees --- Political activity --- History --- Caribbean Area --- Cuba

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The refugee question occupied centre stage at every political debate in Europe since 2015. Starting from the "long summer of migration", the polarization of opinions and attitudes towards asylum seekers among citizens of the EU has grown increasingly. The divergence between hospitality and hostility has also become evident in political reactions.

migrations --- asylum seekers --- refugees --- Europe --- polarization --- hospitality --- policy --- Germany --- Sweden --- Hungary --- Greece --- Italy --- Belgium --- cross-national

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Despite attempts by the Dutch government to combat and discourage unlawful residence, there are people who live in the Netherlands without a residence permit. However, little is known about the way they live (or survive) and work in the Netherlands. Although their residence is not legal, this does not mean that migrants without residence permits have no rights. On the contrary, this book connects the legal legislation and regulations on the national and international level with the socio-economic reality of this vulnerable group of migrants. Based on unique empirical material, this study shows the discrepancy between the rights that also apply to migrants without residence permits, for example as workers, as patients or as residents, and shows the absence of protection in everyday practice. The book concludes with an exploration of possibilities for improving the vulnerable position of migrants without residence permits in the Netherlands.

migration, migrants, residence permit, illegal, illegals, asylum, asylum seekers, migratie, migranten, verblijfsvergunning, illegaal, illegalen, asiel, asielzoekers

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The refugee question occupied centre stage at every political debate in Europe since 2015. Starting from the "long summer of migration", the polarization of opinions and attitudes towards asylum seekers among citizens of the EU has grown increasingly. The divergence between hospitality and hostility has also become evident in political reactions.

Society & social sciences --- migrations --- asylum seekers --- refugees --- Europe --- polarization --- hospitality --- policy --- Germany --- Sweden --- Hungary --- Greece --- Italy --- Belgium --- cross-national --- migrations --- asylum seekers --- refugees --- Europe --- polarization --- hospitality --- policy --- Germany --- Sweden --- Hungary --- Greece --- Italy --- Belgium --- cross-national