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Biologists --- Biology --- Science --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Vitalism --- Life scientists --- Naturalists --- Biography --- Philosophy --- Huxley, Thomas Henry, --- 赫胥黎 --- Great Britain --- Social life and customs --- Huxley, Thomas H.

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Dubbed 'Darwin's Bulldog' for his combative role in the Victorian controversies over evolutionary theory, Thomas Huxley has been widely regarded as the epitome of the professional scientist who emerged in the nineteenth century from the restrictions of ecclesiastical authority and aristocratic patronage. Yet from the 1850s until his death in 1895, Huxley always defined himself as a 'man of science', a moral and religious figure, not a scientist. Exploring his relationships with his wife, fellow naturalists, clergymen and men of letters, White presents a new analysis of the authority of science, literature, and religion during the Victorian period, showing how these different practices were woven into a fabric of high culture, and integrated into institutions of print, education and research. He provides a substantially different view of Huxley's role in the evolution debates, and of his relations with his scientific contemporaries, especially Richard Owen and Charles Darwin.

Evolution (Biology) --- Religion and science --- Literature and science --- Naturalists --- Christianity and science --- Geology --- Geology and religion --- Science --- Science and religion --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Biology --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- History --- Religious aspects --- Huxley, Thomas Henry, --- 赫胥黎 --- Arts and Humanities

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During the Victorian period, the practice of science shifted from a religious context to a naturalistic one. It is generally assumed that this shift occurred because naturalistic science was distinct from and superior to theistic science. Yet as Huxley's Church and Maxwell's Demon reveals, most of the methodological values underlying scientific practice were virtually identical for the theists and the naturalists: each agreed on the importance of the uniformity of natural laws, the use of hypothesis and theory, the moral value of science, and intellectual freedom. But if scientific naturalism did not rise to dominance because of its methodological superiority, then how did it triumph? Matthew Stanley explores the overlap and shift between theistic and naturalistic science through a parallel study of two major scientific figures: James Clerk Maxwell, a devout Christian physicist, and Thomas Henry Huxley, the iconoclast biologist who coined the word agnostic. Both were deeply engaged in the methodological, institutional, and political issues that were crucial to the theistic-naturalistic transformation. What Stanley's analysis of these figures reveals is that the scientific naturalists executed a number of strategies over a generation to gain control of the institutions of scientific education and to reimagine the history of their discipline. Rather than a sudden revolution, the similarity between theistic and naturalistic science allowed for a relatively smooth transition in practice from the old guard to the new.

Science --- Physicists --- Physical scientists --- History --- Maxwell, James Clerk, --- Huxley, Thomas Henry, --- 赫胥黎 --- Maksvell, Dzhems Klerk, --- Maxwell, J. Clerk --- Maxwell, J. C. --- Maxwell, Clerk, --- Maksvell, Dzheĭms Klerk, --- science, religion, victorian, history, naturalism, natural laws, theory, hypothesis, scientific method, intellectual freedom, james clerk maxwell, christianity, agnosticism, thomas henry huxley, physicists, england, working mens college, education, free will, class, nonfiction, theism, secularism, creation, evolution, nature, knowledge, investigation, methodology, environmentalism, biography, scientists.