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History --- History. --- Belarus --- Belarus. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Belorus --- Belorussia --- Berarūshi --- Białoru --- Bielorussia --- Biélorussie --- Byelarus --- Byelorussian S.S.R. --- Republic of Belarus --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- République de Bélarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Weissrussland --- White Russia --- Białoruś --- Беларусь --- Рэспубліка Беларусь --- Республика Беларусь --- ベラルーシ

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Economic stabilization --- Economic History --- Business & Economics --- Adjustment, Economic --- Business stabilization --- Economic adjustment --- Stabilization, Economic --- Economic policy --- Belarus --- Republic of Belarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Byelarus --- République de Bélarus --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- Weissrussland --- White Russia --- Belorussia --- Belorus --- Biélorussie --- Bielorussia --- Białoruś --- Беларусь --- Рэспубліка Беларусь --- Республика Беларусь --- ベラルーシ --- Berarūshi --- Byelorussian S.S.R. --- Economic conditions

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Belarusian philology --- Belarusian philology. --- Byelorussian philology --- White Russian philology --- Belarus --- Belarus. --- Belorus --- Belorussia --- Berarūshi --- Białoru --- Bielorussia --- Biélorussie --- Byelarus --- Byelorussian S.S.R. --- Republic of Belarus --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- République de Bélarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Weissrussland --- White Russia --- Białoruś --- Беларусь --- Рэспубліка Беларусь --- Республика Беларусь --- ベラルーシ --- 18.60 Slavic languages: other. --- 15.70 history of Europe. --- 74.19 geography of Europe. --- History.

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"Modern Belarusian nationalism emerged in the early twentieth century during a dramatic period that included a mass exodus, multiple occupations, seven years of warfare, and the partition of the Belarusian lands. In this original history, Per Anders Rudling traces the evolution of modern Belarusian nationalism from its origins in late imperial Russia to the early 1930s. The revolution of 1905 opened a window of opportunity, and debates swirled around definitions of ethnic, racial, or cultural belonging. By March of 1918, a small group of nationalists had declared the formation of a Belarusian People's Republic (BNR), with territories based on ethnographic claims. Less than a year later, the Soviets claimed roughly the same area for a Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). Belarusian statehood was declared no less than six times between 1918 and 1920. In 1921, the treaty of Riga officially divided the Belarusian lands between Poland and the Soviet Union. Polish authorities subjected Western Belarus to policies of assimilation, alienating much of the population. At the same time, the Soviet establishment of Belarusian-language cultural and educational institutions in Eastern Belarus stimulated national activism in Western Belarus. Sporadic partisan warfare against Polish authorities occurred until the mid-1920s, with Lithuanian and Soviet support. On both sides of the border, Belarusian activists engaged in a process of mythmaking and national mobilization. By 1926, Belarusian political activism had peaked, but then waned when coups d'etats brought authoritarian rule to Poland and Lithuania. The year 1927 saw a crackdown on the Western Belarusian national movement, and in Eastern Belarus, Stalin's consolidation of power led to a brutal transformation of society and the uprooting of Belarusian national communists. As a small group of elites, Belarusian nationalists had been dependent on German, Lithuanian, Polish, and Soviet sponsors since 1915. The geopolitical rivalry provided opportunities, but also liabilities. After 1926, maneuvering this complex and progressively hostile landscape became difficult. Support from Kaunas and Moscow for the Western Belarusian nationalists attracted the interest of the Polish authorities, and the increasingly autonomous republican institutions in Minsk became a concern for the central government in the Kremlin. As Rudling shows, Belarus was a historic battleground that served as a political tool, borderland, and buffer zone between greater powers. Nationalism arrived late, was limited to a relatively small elite, and was suppressed in its early stages. The tumultuous process, however, established the idea of Belarusian statehood, left behind a modern foundation myth, and bequeathed the institutional framework of a proto-state, all of which resurfaced as building blocks for national consolidation when Belarus gained independence in 1991"--

Nationalism --- Consciousness, National --- Identity, National --- National consciousness --- National identity --- International relations --- Patriotism --- Political science --- Autonomy and independence movements --- Internationalism --- Political messianism --- History --- Belarus --- Republic of Belarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Byelarus --- République de Bélarus --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- Weissrussland --- White Russia --- Belorussia --- Belorus --- Biélorussie --- Bielorussia --- Białoruś --- Беларусь --- Рэспубліка Беларусь --- Республика Беларусь --- ベラルーシ --- Berarūshi --- Byelorussian S.S.R. --- Autonomy and independence movements. --- Politics and government

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Control of office has long been regarded as the key element in understanding power and policy in the Soviet system. What, however, accounts for the control of office and how are individuals recruited into positions of power and responsibility? In An Algebra of Soviet Power, Michael Urban adopts a fresh approach and introduces into the field of political elite studies the sociological technique of vacancy chain analysis. This treats the movements of actors as sequences of complex inter-relations that are structured by the properties and powers of the personnel system rather than by the consequences of individual intentions or characteristics. This algebraic method is applied to a large body of career data of officials from the Soviet Republic of Belorussia for the period 1966-86. The author documents how, despite the formal systems of nomenklatura - central control over personnel placement - the flow of individuals through the hierarchy of offices in Belorussia has not been influenced by any coordinating policy issuing from Moscow or Minsk. Instead regionalism has played an important, and patronage the decisive, role in the system.

Elite (Social sciences) --- Social mobility --- Social Sciences --- Political Science --- Belarus --- Officials and employees. --- Politics and government. --- Mobility, Social --- Sociology --- Elites (Social sciences) --- Leadership --- Power (Social sciences) --- Social classes --- Social groups --- Republic of Belarus --- Rėspublika Belarusʹ --- Republic of Byelarusʹ --- Respublika Byelarusʹ --- Byelarus --- République de Bélarus --- República de Belarús --- Republik Belarus --- Weissrussland --- White Russia --- Belorussia --- Belorus --- Biélorussie --- Bielorussia --- Białoruś --- Беларусь --- Рэспубліка Беларусь --- Республика Беларусь --- ベラルーシ --- Berarūshi --- Byelorussian S.S.R.