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Quelles sont les politiques nationales en matière d'énergie photovoltaïque. Les exemples de cas particuliers prouvent que la promotion de l'énergie solaire pour produire de l'électricité n'est pas un vain mot. L'industrie solaire en Europe s'intègre à la planification urbaine bien qu'il n'existe pas encore de stratégie pour le développement du solaire photovotaïque.

Energie photovoltaique --- Energie renouvelable --- Politique énergétique --- Allemagne --- Autriche --- Danemark --- Espagne --- Italie --- Pays-bas --- Suisse

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La Terre baigne dans un océan d'énergie, celle de la lumière du Soleil. De nature extraterrestre, illimitée à notre échelle, celle-ci échappe de fait à la finitude des ressources terrestres. Elle alimente depuis la nuit des temps les rêves de l’humanité d’une utilisation universelle et pacifique. La conversion photovoltaïque, grâce aux cellules solaires, permet pour la première fois dans l’histoire la transformation directe de l’énergie des photons en électricité. De sa découverte en 1839 à son formidable essor actuel, cette leçon inaugurale retrace l’histoire de sa longue progression scientifique, technologique et sociale. Pressentie comme le futur pilier de la transition énergétique, l’énergie solaire permet d’envisager le passage d’un Anthropocène destructeur à un Héliocène réparateur.

Environmental Studies --- Multidisciplinary --- transition énergétique --- énergie photovoltaïque --- énergie --- électricité --- énergie solaire --- Anthropocène --- Héliocène --- photovoltaïque --- conversion photovoltaïque --- Soleil --- transition écologique --- chimie

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Architecture and climate. --- Architecture and energy conservation. --- Architecture et climat --- Architecture et conservation de l'énergie --- Architecture and climate --- Architecture and energy conservation --- Architecture climatique --- Climatologie --- Construction solaire --- Ecologie appliquée à l'habitat --- Economie d'énergie --- Energie éolienne --- Energie géothermique --- Energie hydraulique --- Energie photovoltaique --- Energie solaire --- Energie verte --- Architecture et conservation de l'énergie --- Ecologie appliquée

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Mil Colinas is a NGO founded in 2011 in order to contribute to the battle against inequality. Mil Colinas mediates between northern and southern countries in order to further social development. It is an educative project which started with 30 children and has grown to almost 200 people in addition to three Rwandese educators. Due to the fact that the current room is too small to carry out the activities, there is a clear necessity for the association to have its own space.
Last summer (2015), I went to Rukara, the Rwandese village in which Mil Colinas operates. I began taking its measurement and shortly after the land was purchased. The current project plan is to utilize solar energy for the school's main source of power.
During the period in which I was there, several facilities were visited (mainly schools and the health centre of Rukara) and some of them are already working with photovoltaic energy. Meetings took place around the country with key energy businesses in East Africa, such as Mobisol. Also the educators and children who are involved in Mil Colinas were directly contacted in order to understand and record the needs and desires they have for the new school.
With all the necessary data from this African country, an off-micro grid has to be designed for the current project. This grid provides the required energy (mainly for lights and laptops) through a photovoltaic system and accumulators.
Initially, it was necessary to measure the consumption as well as the solar irradiation in the area. Several hypothesis were created; taking into account different weather and other assumptions.
Following the hypothesis, some simulations were run in Python in order to plot the charge level of the batteries per hour throughout the whole year. Having these results, some decisions could be taken in account in relation to the quantity of the photovoltaic panels and the batteries with the help of the tool Solver in Excel. The wiring was also calculated as well as the optimum angle for the electrical generators. The system is optimized regarding the economical plan. Several plans were made with AutoCAD are attached as well as the 3D views of the school made with SweetHome3D.
As result of this project, there is an installation which will work in 48 V before the inverter and in 230 V upstream; 10 photovoltaic panels of 295 W each and 12 batteries of 200 Ah of capacity. Each unit is part of the installation along with the inverter and the controller. Initial investment reaches $12,257.67 but it is necessary to have a budget of $19,800.89 in total to assure the proper function during at least 24 years.

Microgrid --- Off-grid --- Rwanda --- Rukara --- Africa --- Mil Colinas --- International Cooperation --- Education --- Photovoltaic energy --- Renewable energy --- Python --- Excel --- AutoCAD --- Sweet Home 3D --- Solver --- Business cases --- Afrique --- Coopération Internationale --- Énergie Photovoltaique --- Énergie Renouvelable --- Ruanda --- Energía Fotovoltaica --- Energía Renovable --- Casos de negocio --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Energie --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie électrique & électronique

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Electricité --- Physique --- Physics --- Problems, exercises, etc --- Problèmes et exercices --- Physique. --- Study and teaching (Higher) --- Etude et enseignement (supérieur) --- Cinématique --- Dynamique --- Energie --- Statique --- Thermique --- Thermodynamique --- Mécanique --- Acoustique --- Energie nucléaire --- Energie photovoltaique --- Lumière --- Optique --- Son --- Acoustique appliquée --- Radio Waves --- Optics --- Physique - Problèmes et exercices --- Physics - problems and exercises --- Radio Waves - problems and exercises --- Optics - problems and exercises --- Étude et enseignement (supérieur) --- Étude et enseignement (supérieur) --- Elektriciteit --- Magnetisme --- Fysica --- Optica --- Mechanica