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ISBN: 1462392210 1452793557 1282108573 145190620X 9786613801920 Year: 2005 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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This paper evaluates competitiveness in Slovakia and estimates the equilibrium real exchange rate for the koruna. Slovak wages and prices are found to have been relatively low even when adjusted for differences in relative income and productivity, suggesting an undervalued real exchange rate. However, recent rapid nominal appreciation has reduced most or all of this undervaluation and has brought the real exchange rate near or above equilibrium. The productivity-driven equilibrium real appreciation rate during 2005?09 is estimated at close to 3 percent per year but can be lower with the help of fiscal consolidation.
Competition -- Slovakia. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Equilibrum (Political economy). --- Wages -- Slovakia. --- Foreign Exchange --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Labour --- income economics --- Real exchange rates --- Productivity --- Government consumption --- Wages --- Price controls --- Industrial productivity --- Consumption --- Economics --- Prices --- Government policy --- Slovak Republic --- Competition --- Equilibrum (Political economy) --- Income economics
Book
ISBN: 1462314376 1452761140 1282845632 9786612845635 1451982186 Year: 2010 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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This paper exploits the staggered adoption of major concurrent health reforms in countries in Europe and Central Asia after 1990 to estimate their impact on public health expenditure, utilization, and avoidable deaths. While the health systems all derived from the same paradigm under central planning, they have since introduced changes to policies regarding cost-sharing, provider payment, financing, and the rationalization of hospital infrastructure. Social health insurance is predicted to increase this share, although the leads of both social health insurance and primary care fee-for-service suggest endogeneity may be an issue with the outpatient share regressions. Provider payment reforms produce the largest impact on spending, with fee-for-service increasing spending and patient-based payment reducing it. The impact on avoidable deaths is generally negligible, but there is some evidence of improvements due to fee-for-service. Considering the corresponding relative reduction in inpatient admissions and the incentives fee-for-service provides to deliver additional services, perhaps there is an overprovision of services in the primary care setting and an underutilization of more specialized hospital services.
Health care reform --- Health care reorm --- Health planning --- Medical policy --- Comprehensive health planning --- Health care planning --- Health services planning --- Medical care --- Medical care planning --- Public health --- Planning --- Health services administration --- Health reform --- Health system reform --- Healthcare reform --- Medical care reform --- Reform of health care delivery --- Reform of medical care delivery --- Health insurance --- Health care policy --- Health policy --- Medicine and state --- Policy, Medical --- Public health policy --- State and medicine --- Science and state --- Social policy --- Government policy --- Insurance --- Personal Finance -Taxation --- Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Insurance Companies --- Actuarial Studies --- Health: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Insurance & actuarial studies --- Health economics --- Health care spending --- Expenditure --- Tax allowances --- Health --- Expenditures, Public --- Income tax --- Czech Republic
Book
ISBN: 1462320570 1452754209 1282109693 9786613802583 1451906137 Year: 2005 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund,
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This paper measures the extent to which South African economic growth is an engine of growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Results based on panel data estimation for 47 African countries over four decades suggest that South African growth has a substantial positive impact on growth in the rest of Africa, even after controlling for other growth determinants. The estimates are robust to the effects of global and regional shocks, changes in model specification, and sample period.
Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Economic conditions. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- International economic integration. --- South Africa -- Economic conditions -- 1991-. --- Exports and Imports --- Education: General --- Trade: General --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Health: General --- Retail and Wholesale Trade --- e-Commerce --- International economics --- Education --- Health economics --- Exports --- Direction of trade --- Health --- Trade in goods --- Balance of trade --- South Africa --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Economic conditions --- Economic conditions. --- E-Commerce
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