Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The author implements several inequality decomposition methods to measure the extent to which total household income disparities can be attributable to sectoral asymmetries and differences in skill endowments. The results show that at least half of total household inequality in Mexico is attributable to incomes derived from entrepreneurial activities, an income source rarely scrutinized in the inequality literature. He shows that education (skills) endowments are unevenly distributed among the Mexican population, with positive shifts in the market returns to schooling associated with increases in inequality. Asymmetries in the allocation of education explain around 20 percent of overall household income disparities in Mexico during the 1990s. Moreover, the proportion of inequality attributable to education endowments increases during stable periods and reduces during the crisis. This pattern is explained by shifts in returns to schooling rather than changes in the distribution of skills. Applying the same techniques to decompose within-sector income differences, the author finds that skill endowments can account for as much as 25 percent of earnings disparities but as little as 5 percent of dispersion in other income sources.

Household income --- Income --- Income differences --- Income disparities --- Income Inequality --- Income source --- Income sources --- Incomes --- Inequality --- Inequality decomposition --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy Research --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social Protections and Labor

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

A randomized control trial was conducted to study whether providing 10th grade students with information about the returns to upper secondary and tertiary education, and a source of financial aid for tertiary education, can contribute to improve student performance. The study finds that the intervention had no effects on the probability of taking a 12th grade national standardized exam three years after, a proxy for on-time high school completion, but a positive and significant impact on learning outcomes and self-reported measures of effort. The effects are larger for girls and students from households with a relatively high income. These findings are consistent with a simple model where time discount determines the increase in effort and only students with adequate initial conditions are able to translate increased effort into better outcomes.

Education for all --- Education gender & education --- Gender --- Information --- Primary education --- Randomized control trial --- RCT --- Returns to education --- School performance --- Secondary education --- Tertiary education

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, education systems had to redeploy inputs typically used in schools to remote education. This significantly reduced average student learning, with disadvantaged students experiencing a disproportionately large decline. Not closing these learning losses will have long-lasting effects on productivity and economic growth and dampen social mobility. In the five Eastern European countries analyzed in this paper, not acquiring sufficient learning is not a challenge that began with the pandemic. Perhaps the pandemic and the attention it is bringing to students' learning loss will create the political conditions to implement long-awaited education reforms to reduce the learning gaps and create better conditions for disadvantaged students, the core element of resilient education systems. This paper shows that using data to guide policy decisions, standardized tests as a diagnostic tool, and remediation policies should become permanent features of education systems. The pandemic pushed forward the use of technology in education. Using technology through online tutoring or Computer Assisted Learning can, when designed appropriately, improve students' academic performance, socio-emotional skills, and psychological well-being.

Education.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Social problems --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Economic relations. Trade --- Gender --- Family --- Trade --- Income --- Labour market --- Poverty --- Book --- Sex differences --- Economic theory --- Developing countries --- Senegal --- Ghana --- Uganda --- Honduras

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Using all the household survey data available in Latin America during the period 1992 to 2013, this paper estimates that in 2015, 20 million youth ages 15 to 24 years in the region were out of school and not working (making them ninis, for "ni estudian ni trabajan"). The share of out-of-school, out-of-work youth in Latin America, at about 19 percent, is roughly equal to the global average of 22 percent. Although women make up over two-thirds of the ninis in the region, the number of male ninis grew by 46 percent between 1992 and 2010. As a result, the absolute number of ninis rose over the two-decade period, even as women's education and employment rates were improving. Global comparisons show that Latin America is the region of the world with the largest concentration of ninis among households in the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution. Coupled with the long-lasting harm it causes to the youth's future labor-market outcomes, the high incidence of ninis among the poorest households tends to lock in income disparities from one generation to the next, obstructing social mobility and poverty reduction in the region.

Adolescent Health --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Dropouts --- Education --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Ninis --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Youth Unemployment