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This paper attempts to shed new light on malefactivity in Japanese by examining how the adversative interpretation obtains in the Japanese passive constructions, both as a fully grammaticalized constructional meaning and a context-dependent interpretation. Our analysis reveals the general mechanisms underlying the adversative semantics and concomitant syntactic behavior such as valency increase, as well as elucidating the way they interact with language-particular features characteristic of Japanese. The overall picture gained by our analysis points to the importance of viewing adversative constructions in a broader perspective, as something which emerges from the interaction of various factors in the dynamic processes of contextualization and grammaticalization.

Grammar --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Case grammar. --- Benefactive constructions. --- Case. --- Case grammar --- Case --- Benefactive case (Grammar) --- Benefactive constructions (Grammar) --- Grammar, Case --- Benefactive constructions --- Syntax --- Linguistics --- Philology

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Typological hierarchies are widely perceived as one of the most important results of research on language universals and linguistic diversity. Explanations for typological hierarchies, however, are usually based on the synchronic properties of the patterns described by individual hierarchies, not the actual diachronic processes that give rise to these patterns cross-linguistically. This book aims to explore in what ways the investigation of such processes can further our understanding of typological hierarchies. To this end, diachronic evidence about the origins of several phenomena described by typological hierarchies is discussed for several languages by a number of leading scholars in typology, historical linguistics, and language documentation. This evidence suggests a rethinking of possible explanations for typological hierarchies, as well as the very notion of typological universals in general. For this reason, the book will be of interest not only to the broad typological community, but also historical linguists, cognitive linguists, and psycholinguists.

Typology (Linguistics) --- Historical linguistics. --- Linguistic universals. --- Anthropological linguistics.

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In Amerindian languages and in many other agglutinative languages, subordination is often a matter of nominalization. In Cholón, a language spoken in North-Peru, this is certainly the case: nominalized forms coincide with subordinate clauses. In this language, a nominalized verb form can also be used as a main predicate. In this paper we study the different subordinate clauses that are formed with nominalizations. We then find out which nominalizations are part of a main predicate, and when this is the case. Keywords: Cholón; subordination; nominalized main predicates; syntactical nominalizati

Indians of South America --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Language and languages --- Languages in contact --- Derivational morphology --- Word formation --- Areal linguistics --- Characterology of speech --- Language diversity --- Language subsystems --- Language variation --- Linguistic diversity --- Variation in language --- Languages. --- Word formation. --- Variation. --- Derivation --- Morphology --- South America --- Linguistics --- Philology