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This book provides a wide variety of algorithms and models to integrate linguistic knowledge into Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). It helps advance conventional SMT to linguistically motivated SMT by enhancing the following three essential components: translation, reordering and bracketing models. It also serves the purpose of promoting the in-depth study of the impacts of linguistic knowledge on machine translation. Finally it provides a systematic introduction of Bracketing Transduction Grammar (BTG) based SMT, one of the state-of-the-art SMT formalisms, as well as a case study of linguistically motivated SMT on a BTG-based platform. Deyi Xiong is a professor at Soochow University. Previously he was a research scientist at the Institute for Infocomm Research of Singapore from 2007-2013. He completed his Ph.D. in Computer Science at the Institute of Computing Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2007. His research interests are in the area of natural language processing, including parsing and statistical machine translation. Min Zhang is a professor at Soochow University. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in Computer Science at Harbin Institute of Technology in 1997. His research interests include machine translation, natural language processing and text mining.

Linguistics. --- Computational Linguistics. --- Computational linguistics. --- Linguistique --- Linguistique informatique --- COMPUTERS / General. --- Machine translating. --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Statistische data-analyse --- Statistische linguïstiek --- Algoritmen --- Computers --- General --- General. --- Statistische data-analyse. --- Statistische linguïstiek. --- Algoritmen. --- Automatic translating --- Computer translating --- Electronic translating --- Mechanical translating --- Automatic language processing --- Language and languages --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Data processing --- Algorithms --- Applied linguistics --- Artificial intelligence --- Natural language generation (Computer science) --- Information theory --- Translating and interpreting --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Translating machines --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing

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The purpose of this book is to introduce the classified chemical components of hypoglycemic compounds in natural products, summarize the recent research progress of natural products with hypoglycemic activity in the past 20 years, and provide the original analysis and development opinions of relevant scholars. Hypoglycemic compounds are to target diabetes mellitus, an important public health problem, one of four priority noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) targeted for action by world leaders. Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine and metabolic disease, which not only causes physiological damage to patients' kidneys, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular vessels, peripheral blood vessels, nerves and eyes, but also causes mental and psychological pressure to patients. Due to the evidence that traditional medicine and natural herbal formula have advantages in treating diabetes, natural products with hypoglycemic activity have been studied extensively in recent years and have been accepted by many scholars all over the world. This book focuses on the progress on the study of the structure, hypoglycemic activities, structure-activity relationships and mechanism of a wide range of polysaccharides, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols and other constituents. It will help students and researchers to understand current approaches and progress in the treatment of diabetes with natural products, which may also be beneficial to develop new hypoglycemic drugs.

Pharmacology. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Bioorganic chemistry. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Bioorganic Chemistry. --- Bio-organic chemistry --- Biological organic chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Organic --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Botany --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemicals --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect --- Diabetes --- Naturopathy. --- Alternative treatment. --- Natural remedies --- Natural therapy --- Alternative medicine --- Therapeutics, Physiological --- Nature, Healing power of

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This book presents a comprehensive overview of semi-supervised approaches to dependency parsing. Having become increasingly popular in recent years, one of the main reasons for their success is that they can make use of large unlabeled data together with relatively small labeled data and have shown their advantages in the context of dependency parsing for many languages. Various semi-supervised dependency parsing approaches have been proposed in recent works which utilize different types of information gleaned from unlabeled data. The book offers readers a comprehensive introduction to these approaches, making it ideally suited as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the fields of syntactic parsing and natural language processing.

Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Mathematical linguistics --- spraaktechnologie

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The purpose of this book is to introduce the classified chemical components of hypoglycemic compounds in natural products, summarize the recent research progress of natural products with hypoglycemic activity in the past 20 years, and provide the original analysis and development opinions of relevant scholars. Hypoglycemic compounds are to target diabetes mellitus, an important public health problem, one of four priority noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) targeted for action by world leaders. Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine and metabolic disease, which not only causes physiological damage to patients' kidneys, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular vessels, peripheral blood vessels, nerves and eyes, but also causes mental and psychological pressure to patients. Due to the evidence that traditional medicine and natural herbal formula have advantages in treating diabetes, natural products with hypoglycemic activity have been studied extensively in recent years and have been accepted by many scholars all over the world. This book focuses on the progress on the study of the structure, hypoglycemic activities, structure-activity relationships and mechanism of a wide range of polysaccharides, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols and other constituents. It will help students and researchers to understand current approaches and progress in the treatment of diabetes with natural products, which may also be beneficial to develop new hypoglycemic drugs.

Organic chemistry --- History of human medicine --- Biochemical engineering --- organische chemie --- farmacologie --- biochemie --- planten

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Foreign aid has connected China and the international community through many channels, and created new types of strong partnerships throughout the world. As a recipient country, China and donors have engaged in an unprecedentedly deep level of cooperation on development-related issues. China’s development experience has resulted in key changes to the relationships and partnerships between China and donors, from receiving foreign aid to entering into development cooperation. China has provided valuable experiences for other developing countries, experiences that are all the more relevant because they have revealed key factors at work in developing recipient countries. This has also led China to form closer cooperative relationships with other developing countries with regard to development issues. In short, foreign aid has changed China.

Economics/Management Science. --- Economic Policy. --- International Economics. --- Economics. --- Economic policy. --- International economics. --- Economie politique --- Politique économique --- Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- Economic assistance --- China --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Economics --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy