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This book introduces the latest advances made in both fundamental studies and potential applications of upconversion nanomaterials, particularly in the field of high-resolution in vitro bioanalysis and in vivo imaging. This book starts with the synthesis and characterization, and focuses on applications ranging from materials science to biology. Above all, it describes cutting-edge advances in upconversion nanophosphor (UCNP)-based applications in multiplexed encoding, guest delivery and release systems, photodynamic therapy (PDT), solar cells, photocatalysis and so on. The major barriers that currently prevent UCNPs from being used in mainstream applications are also presented in detail.

Materials Science. --- Nanotechnology. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Biomedical Engineering. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Chemistry, inorganic. --- Biomedical engineering. --- Biochimie analytique --- Génie biomédical --- Nanotechnologie --- Materials. --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Technology - General --- Materials Science --- Nanostructured materials. --- Nanomaterials --- Nanometer materials --- Nanophase materials --- Nanostructure controlled materials --- Nanostructure materials --- Ultra-fine microstructure materials --- Materials science. --- Analytical chemistry. --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Microstructure --- Nanotechnology --- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Analytic biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering --- Medicine --- Inorganic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Inorganic compounds --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytical chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Metallurgical analysis --- Mineralogy, Determinative --- Analytic chemistry

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This book explores the practices in a Zen Buddhist temple located in Northwest Ohio against the backdrop of globalization. Drawing on the previous studies on Buddhist modernization and westernization, it provides a better understanding of the westernization of Buddhism and its adapted practices and rituals in the host culture. Using rhetorical criticism methodology, the author approaches this temple as an embodiment of Buddhist rhetoric with both discursive and non-discursive expressions within the discourses of modernity. By analyzing the rhetorical practices at the temple through abbots’ teaching videos, the temple website, members’ dharma names, and the materiality of the temple space and artifacts, the author discovers how Buddhist rhetoric functions to constitute and negotiate the religious identities of the community members through its various rituals and activities. At the same time, the author examines how the temple’s space and settings facilitate the collective the formation and preservation of the Buddhist identity. Through a nuanced discussion of Buddhist rhetoric, this book illuminates a new rhetorical methodology to understand religious identity construction. Furthermore, it offers deeper insights into the future development of modern Buddhism, which are also applicable to Buddhist practitioners and other major world religions.

Buddhism. --- Intercultural communication. --- Applied linguistics. --- Intercultural Communication. --- Applied Linguistics. --- Linguistics --- Cross-cultural communication --- Communication --- Culture --- Cross-cultural orientation --- Cultural competence --- Multilingual communication --- Technical assistance --- Buddha and Buddhism --- Lamaism --- Ris-med (Lamaism) --- Religions --- Anthropological aspects --- Zen Buddhism --- Globalization --- Religion and culture. --- Chʻan Buddhism --- Dhyāna (Sect) --- Zen --- Zen (Sect) --- Buddhism --- Mahayana Buddhism --- Culture and religion --- Religious aspects.

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This book introduces the latest advances made in both fundamental studies and potential applications of upconversion nanomaterials, particularly in the field of high-resolution in vitro bioanalysis and in vivo imaging. This book starts with the synthesis and characterization, and focuses on applications ranging from materials science to biology. Above all, it describes cutting-edge advances in upconversion nanophosphor (UCNP)-based applications in multiplexed encoding, guest delivery and release systems, photodynamic therapy (PDT), solar cells, photocatalysis and so on. The major barriers that currently prevent UCNPs from being used in mainstream applications are also presented in detail.

Analytical chemistry --- Inorganic chemistry --- Human biochemistry --- Electrical engineering --- Biotechnology --- medische biochemie --- nanotechniek --- bio-engineering --- analytische chemie --- biotechnologie --- anorganische chemie

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A pricing reform in Turkey increased the residential electricity tariff by more than 50 percent in 2008. The reform, aimed at encouraging energy efficiency and private investment, sparked considerable policy debate about its potential impact on household welfare. This paper estimates a short-run residential electricity demand function for evaluating the distributional consequences of the tariff reform. The model allows heterogeneity in household price sensitivities and is estimated using a national sample of 18,671 Turkish households. The model also addresses the common problem of missing data in survey research. The study reveals a highly skewed distribution of price elasticities in the population, with rich households three times more responsive in adjusting consumption to price changes than the poor. This is most likely because the poor are close to their minimum electricity consumption levels and have fewer coping options. In addition, the welfare loss of the poorest quintile-measured by the consumer surplus change as a percentage of income-is 2.9 times of that of the wealthiest.

Climate Change Economics --- Distributional impact --- Economic Theory & Research --- Energy --- Energy price reform --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets and Market Access --- Turkey

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The aggregate manufacturing energy intensity of 28 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia had declined by 35 percent during 1998-2008. This study reveals strong evidence of convergence: less efficient countries improved more rapidly and the cross-country variance in energy productivity narrowed over time. An index decomposition analysis indicates that energy intensities declined largely because of more efficient energy use rather than shifts from energy intensive to less intensive manufacturing activities. Income growth and energy price increases were the main drivers of the convergence. They dominated the impact of trade, which led to specialization in energy intensive industries.

Climate Change Economics --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Productivity Convergence --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Index Decomposition --- Manufacturing Energy Intensity --- Trade --- Eastern Europe and Central Asia