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This book introduces the latest advances made in both fundamental studies and potential applications of upconversion nanomaterials, particularly in the field of high-resolution in vitro bioanalysis and in vivo imaging. This book starts with the synthesis and characterization, and focuses on applications ranging from materials science to biology. Above all, it describes cutting-edge advances in upconversion nanophosphor (UCNP)-based applications in multiplexed encoding, guest delivery and release systems, photodynamic therapy (PDT), solar cells, photocatalysis and so on. The major barriers that currently prevent UCNPs from being used in mainstream applications are also presented in detail.

Materials Science. --- Nanotechnology. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Biomedical Engineering. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Chemistry, inorganic. --- Biomedical engineering. --- Biochimie analytique --- Génie biomédical --- Nanotechnologie --- Materials. --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Technology - General --- Materials Science --- Nanostructured materials. --- Nanomaterials --- Nanometer materials --- Nanophase materials --- Nanostructure controlled materials --- Nanostructure materials --- Ultra-fine microstructure materials --- Materials science. --- Analytical chemistry. --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Microstructure --- Nanotechnology --- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Analytic biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering --- Medicine --- Inorganic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Inorganic compounds --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytical chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Metallurgical analysis --- Mineralogy, Determinative --- Analytic chemistry

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Electricity shortages are among the biggest barriers to South Asia'sdevelopment. Some 255 million people-more than a quarter of the world'soff-grid population-live in South Asia, and millions of households and firmsthat are connected experience frequent and long hours of blackouts.Inefficiencies originating in every link of the electricity supply chain contributesignificantly to the power deficit. Three types of distortions lead to most of theinefficiencies: institutional distortions caused by state ownership and weakgovernance; regulatory distortions resulting from price regulation, subsidies,and cross-subsidies; and social distortions (externalities) causing excessiveenvironmental and health damages from energy use.Using a common analytical framework and covering all stages of power supply,In the Dark identifies and estimates how policy-induced distortions haveaffected South Asian economies. The book introduces two innovations. First, itgoes beyond fiscal costs, evaluating the impact of distortions from a welfareperspective by measuring the impact on consumer wellbeing, producer surplus,and environmental costs. And second, the book adopts a broader definition of thesector that covers the entire power supply chain, including upstream fuel supplyand downstream access and reliability.The book finds that the full cost of distortions in the power sector is far greaterthan previously estimated based on fiscal cost alone: The estimated totaleconomic cost is 4-7 percent of the gross domestic product in Bangladesh, India,and Pakistan. Some of the largest costs are upstream and downstream.Few other reforms could quickly yield the huge economic gains that powersector reform would produce. By expanding access to electricity and improvingthe quality of supply, power sector reform would also directly benefit poorhouseholds. The highest payoffs are likely to come from institutional reforms,expansion of reliable access, and the appropriate pricing of carbon and local airpollution emissions.

Electric power failures --- Blackouts, Electric power --- Electric power --- Electric power interruptions --- Electric power outages --- Outages, Electric power --- Power blackouts --- Power failures --- Power outages, Electric --- System failures (Engineering) --- Brownouts --- Prevention. --- Interruptions

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This book introduces the latest advances made in both fundamental studies and potential applications of upconversion nanomaterials, particularly in the field of high-resolution in vitro bioanalysis and in vivo imaging. This book starts with the synthesis and characterization, and focuses on applications ranging from materials science to biology. Above all, it describes cutting-edge advances in upconversion nanophosphor (UCNP)-based applications in multiplexed encoding, guest delivery and release systems, photodynamic therapy (PDT), solar cells, photocatalysis and so on. The major barriers that currently prevent UCNPs from being used in mainstream applications are also presented in detail.

Analytical chemistry --- Inorganic chemistry --- Human biochemistry --- Electrical engineering --- Biotechnology --- medische biochemie --- nanotechniek --- bio-engineering --- analytische chemie --- biotechnologie --- anorganische chemie

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A pricing reform in Turkey increased the residential electricity tariff by more than 50 percent in 2008. The reform, aimed at encouraging energy efficiency and private investment, sparked considerable policy debate about its potential impact on household welfare. This paper estimates a short-run residential electricity demand function for evaluating the distributional consequences of the tariff reform. The model allows heterogeneity in household price sensitivities and is estimated using a national sample of 18,671 Turkish households. The model also addresses the common problem of missing data in survey research. The study reveals a highly skewed distribution of price elasticities in the population, with rich households three times more responsive in adjusting consumption to price changes than the poor. This is most likely because the poor are close to their minimum electricity consumption levels and have fewer coping options. In addition, the welfare loss of the poorest quintile-measured by the consumer surplus change as a percentage of income-is 2.9 times of that of the wealthiest.

Climate Change Economics --- Distributional impact --- Economic Theory & Research --- Energy --- Energy price reform --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets and Market Access --- Turkey

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The aggregate manufacturing energy intensity of 28 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia had declined by 35 percent during 1998-2008. This study reveals strong evidence of convergence: less efficient countries improved more rapidly and the cross-country variance in energy productivity narrowed over time. An index decomposition analysis indicates that energy intensities declined largely because of more efficient energy use rather than shifts from energy intensive to less intensive manufacturing activities. Income growth and energy price increases were the main drivers of the convergence. They dominated the impact of trade, which led to specialization in energy intensive industries.

Climate Change Economics --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Productivity Convergence --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Index Decomposition --- Manufacturing Energy Intensity --- Trade --- Eastern Europe and Central Asia