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In The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic , Nicholas Zair for the first time collects and assesses all the words from the Celtic languages which contained a laryngeal, and identifies the regular results of the laryngeals in each phonetic environment. This allows him to formulate previously unrecognised sound changes affecting Proto-Celtic, and assess the competing explanations for other developments. This work has far-reaching consequences for the understanding of the historical phonology and morphology of the Celtic languages, and for etymological work involving the Celtic language, along with implications for Indo-European sound laws and the Indo-European syllable. A major conclusion is that the laryngeals cannot be used to argue for an Italo-Celtic language family.

Celtic languages --- Laryngeals (Phonetics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Indo-European languages --- Phonology, Historical --- Phonology --- Phonetics --- Aryan languages --- Indo-Germanic languages --- Celtic philology --- Phonology, Historical. --- Phonology. --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Celtic languages - Phonology, Historical --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Phonology --- Indo-European languages - Phonology, Historical --- Grammar, Comparative and general Phonology

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This was a time of civil war, anarchy, intrigue, and assassination. Between 193 and 284 the Roman Empire knew more than twenty-five emperors, and an equal number of usurpers. All of them had some measure of success, several of them often ruling different parts of the Empire at the same time. Rome's traditional political institutions slid into vacuity and armies became the Empire's most powerful institutions, proclaiming their own imperial champions and deposing those they held to be incompetent. Yet despite widespread contemporary dismay at such weak government this period was also one in which

Rome --- History --- Roman history --- Histoire --- Rome - History - Empire, 30 B.C.-284 A.D.

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This book makes use of digital corpora to give in-depth details of the history and development of the spelling of Latin. It focusses on sub-elite texts in the Roman empire, and reveals that sophisticated education in this area was not restricted to those at the top of society. Nicholas Zair studies the history of particular orthographic features and traces their usage in a range of texts which give insight into everyday writers of Latin: including scribes and soldiers at Vindolanda, slaves at Pompeii, members of the Praetorian Guard, and writers of curse tablets. In doing so, he problematises the use of 'old-fashioned' spelling in dating inscriptions, provides important new information on sound-change in Latin, and shows how much can be gained from a detailed sociolinguistic analysis of ancient texts.

Latin language --- Orthography and spelling. --- Classical languages --- Italic languages and dialects --- Classical philology --- Latin philology --- Sociolinguistics --- Social classes

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Migration, Mobility and Language Contact in and around the Ancient Mediterranean is the first volume to show the different ways in which surviving linguistic evidence can be used to track movements of people in the ancient world. Eleven chapters cover a number of case studies, which span the period from the seventh century BC to the fourth century AD, ranging from Spain to Egypt, from Sicily to Pannonia. The book includes detailed study of epigraphic and literary evidence written in Latin and Greek, as well as work on languages which are not so well documented, such as Etruscan and Oscan. There is a subject index and an index of works and inscriptions cited.

Languages in contact --- Multilingualism --- Historical linguistics --- Classical antiquities. --- Inscriptions --- History. --- Mediterranean Region --- Languages. --- Antiquities. --- Emigration and immigration --- History

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