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This book offers comprehensive information on the polymorphisms of genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Following a short description of the general role of PRRs in the immune system, the structure and function of Toll-like and NOD-like receptors are examined in detail. The main focus is on the role of inherited variation in PRRs and their correlation to cancer and cardiovascular diseases. A review of all epidemiological investigations is included, and a concept of genomic risk markers for the prevention of various diseases is also discussed.

Cardiology. --- Cell receptors. --- Genetics. --- Human genetics. --- Immunology. --- Life sciences. --- Cell receptors --- Genetics --- Biology --- Receptors, Immunologic --- Diseases --- Polymorphism, Genetic --- Receptors, Cell Surface --- Genetic Variation --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Membrane Proteins --- Genetic Phenomena --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Proteins --- Phenomena and Processes --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Cardiovascular Diseases --- Receptors, Pattern Recognition --- Genomic Structural Variation --- Neoplasms --- Chemistry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Biochemistry --- Biology - General --- Receptors. --- Cancer --- Research. --- Cancer research --- Immunobiology --- Cell membrane receptors --- Cell surface receptors --- Receptors, Cell --- Cancer research. --- Oncology. --- Proteins. --- Life Sciences. --- Cancer Research. --- Human Genetics. --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Embryology --- Mendel's law --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Breeding --- Chromosomes --- Heredity --- Mutation (Biology) --- Variation (Biology) --- Binding sites (Biochemistry) --- Cell membranes --- Oncology  . --- Heart --- Internal medicine --- Tumors --- Proteins . --- Proteids --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics

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The group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) includes families of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and AIM-2-like receptors (ALRs). Conceptually, receptors constituting these families are united by two general features. Firstly, they directly recognize common antigen determinants of virtually all classes of pathogens (so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or simply PAMPs) and initiate immune response against them via specific intracellular signaling pathways. Secondly, they recognize endogenous ligands (since they are usually released during cell stress, they are called damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs), and, hence, PRR-mediated immune response can be activated without an influence of infectious agents. So, pattern recognition receptors play the key role performing the innate and adaptive immune response. In addition, many PRRs have a number of other vital functions apart from participation in immune response realization. The fundamental character and diversity of PRR functions have led to amazingly rapid research in this field. Such investigations are very promising for medicine as immune system plays a key role in vast majority if not all human diseases, and the process of discovering the new aspects of the immune system functioning is rapidly ongoing. The role of Toll-like receptors in cancer was analyzed in certain reviews but the data are still scattered. This collection of reviews systematizes the key information in the field.

Toll-Like Receptors --- C-type lectin receptors --- nod-like receptors --- DNA Repair --- Pattern Recognition Receptors --- Inflammation --- RIG-I-like receptors --- Autophagy --- Cancer --- Apoptosis

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This book offers comprehensive information on the polymorphisms of genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Following a short description of the general role of PRRs in the immune system, the structure and function of Toll-like and NOD-like receptors are examined in detail. The main focus is on the role of inherited variation in PRRs and their correlation to cancer and cardiovascular diseases. A review of all epidemiological investigations is included, and a concept of genomic risk markers for the prevention of various diseases is also discussed.

Histology. Cytology --- Molecular biology --- Biology --- Immunology. Immunopathology --- Oncology. Neoplasms --- Human genetics --- Pathology of the circulatory system --- immunologie --- patroonherkenning --- medische genetica --- genomics --- biologie --- genetica --- oncologie --- cardiologie --- cytologie --- moleculaire biologie

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This collection represents certain discoveries that were made in evolutionary and genomic microbiology during the recent ten years. We attempted to shed light on topical issues of microbial evolution and microbiome biology. In our eyes, these articles are of an excellent quality and may be helpful both for casual readers and for specialists in the field.

Human microbiome --- human mycobiome --- gut microbiome --- domains of life --- brain-gut-microbe axis --- oral microbiome --- Human Ecology --- evolution --- genomic microbiology --- evolutionary microbiology

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This collection represents certain discoveries that were made in evolutionary and genomic microbiology during the recent ten years. We attempted to shed light on topical issues of microbial evolution and microbiome biology. In our eyes, these articles are of an excellent quality and may be helpful both for casual readers and for specialists in the field.

Human microbiome --- human mycobiome --- gut microbiome --- domains of life --- brain-gut-microbe axis --- oral microbiome --- Human Ecology --- evolution --- genomic microbiology --- evolutionary microbiology