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Major institutional, regulatory, and structural changes have occurred in international air transport during the past two decades. Many countries have deregulated their domestic airline industries and open skies continental blocs have formed in Europe and North America A movement is now underway to create a liberalized continental bloc in Australasia. International air transport has been substantially liberalized due to the diminishing role of lATA as an industry cartel, and via a series of liberalized bilateral agreements signed between many countries, including the u.s. and UK Increased liberalization and continentalization have induced major airlines to create global service networks through inter-carrier alliances. And all these changes are intensifYing competition between major carriers in both domestic and international markets. The increased competition and economic recession in the early 1990s led many airlines to massive fmancial losses, forcing them to undertake major restructuring to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Although it is important for an airline to map out proper strategies in the globalizing airline industry, the ultimate ability of a carrier to swvive and prosper in increasingly competitive markets greatly depends on its productivity and cost competitiveness.

Air traffic --- Airlines --- Aeronautics, Commercial --- Competition, International. --- Compagnies de transport aérien --- Transports aériens --- Concurrence internationale --- Cost of operation. --- Management. --- Frais d'exploitation --- Gestion --- Compagnies de transport aérien --- Transports aériens --- Regional economics. --- Spatial economics. --- International economics. --- Industrial management. --- Macroeconomics. --- Regional/Spatial Science. --- International Economics. --- Innovation/Technology Management. --- Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics. --- Economics --- Business administration --- Business enterprises --- Business management --- Corporate management --- Corporations --- Industrial administration --- Management, Industrial --- Rationalization of industry --- Scientific management --- Management --- Business --- Industrial organization --- Administration --- Industrial relations --- Organization --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Spatial economics --- Regional economics --- Regional planning --- Regionalism --- Space in economics --- International competition --- World economics --- International trade --- War --- Economic aspects

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"This book provides a contemporary look at spaceports, not only from relevant technological drivers, policies, and legal perspectives, but also from impacts associated with airspace use and aviation stakeholders; economic, business, financial, and environmental considerations; issues facing airports transitioning to air and space ports; as well as spaceport planning. Through case and event studies, research and analysis, along with information obtained through professional experience, this book provides an overview of the many benefits, unique challenges, and issues facing commercial spaceports and spaceport operators. Each chapter is a stand-alone key topic such that the reader can focus on the most compelling issues relevant for him/her or can view the book as an integrated whole for a full perspective. While examples and case studies come largely from the United States, the reader can draw conclusions that are independent of country and situation. Also, information on other nation state policies, advancements, and endeavors, among other topics, is provided to give a global perspective, further expanding the relevancy and benefits of the book to both the domestic and international audiences An Introduction to the Spaceport Industry: Runways to Space fills a gap in the literature, providing students, professors and researchers with deep insights into the fast-growing commercial spaceport industry"--

Space launch industry.