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This brief focuses on the current research on mechanism design for dynamic spectrum sharing in cognitive radio (CR) networks. Along with a review of CR architectures and characteristics, this brief presents the motivations, significances and unique challenges of implementing algorithmic mechanism design for encouraging both primary spectrum owners and secondary spectrum users to participate in dynamic spectrum sharing. The brief then focuses on recent advances in mechanism design in CR networks. With an emphasis on dealing with the uncertain spectrum availabilities, mechanisms based on spectrum recall, two-stage spectrum sharing and online spectrum allocation are introduced with the support of theoretic analyses and numerical illustrations. The brief concludes with a discussion of potential research directions and interests, which will motivate further studies on mechanism design for wireless communications. This brief is concise and approachable for researchers, professionals and advanced-level students in wireless communications and networks.

Electrical Engineering --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Software radio. --- Wireless communication systems. --- Artificial intelligence. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Communication systems, Wireless --- Wireless data communication systems --- Wireless information networks --- Wireless telecommunication systems --- Radio, Reconfigurable --- Radio, Smart --- Radio, Software --- Reconfigurable radio --- SDR (Software-defined radio) --- Smart radio --- Software-based radio --- Software-defined radio --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Telecommunication systems --- Wireless communication systems --- Telecommunication. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Information systems. --- Communications Engineering, Networks. --- Information Systems and Communication Service. --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Telecommunications --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Electrical engineering. --- Computer communication systems. --- Computers. --- Electric engineering --- Engineering --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Network computers --- Distributed processing

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Human digital twin (HDT) is a transformative technology poised to transform various human-centric systems. With its potential applications in personalized healthcare, HDT promises swift, precise, and efficient healthcare services through the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, data analytics, internet of things, cybersecurity as well as virtual and augmented reality. This book addresses the critical gap in the existing literature by offering a comprehensive exploration of connectivity solutions for HDT while prioritizing reliability, security, and privacy. Key topics covered include the foundational concept of HDT, its design requirements and associated challenges, edge-assisted human-to-virtual solutions, blockchain-enabled data-sharing mechanisms, and differentially private federated multi-task learning (DPFML) methodologies tailored for HDT. The discussion on the concept of HDT encompasses an overview of its applications and its specific characteristics when compared to the conventional digital twin models. In addressing the design requirements and challenges of HDT, the text delves into the complexities of securing high-quality data, ensuring ultra-reliable and low-latency communication, data privacy and integrity, while managing storage, computation and analytics. Exploring edge-assisted human-to-virtual solutions, the book also introduces a connectivity framework and details the modeling process for human-to-virtual twin connectivity. The book later presents an in-depth examination of the practical Byzantine fault tolerance framework, followed by a discussion on shard-based Byzantine fault-tolerant schemes tailored for HDT, along with analyses of latency and throughput. Furthermore, the book outlines the framework for DPFML-assisted human-to-virtual twin connectivity, accompanied by a novel consensus algorithm known as the proof of model quality. Finally, it presents future research directions aimed at addressing communication challenges hindering the seamless design and development of HDT. By offering this comprehensive exploration, the book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to navigate the evolving landscape of HDT and its transformative potential in various domains.

Computer networks. --- Computer Communication Networks.