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School management --- Armenia --- Education, Primary --- Education, Secondary --- Education, Compulsory --- Education --- Economic development --- Armenia (Republic). --- Appropriations and expenditures. --- Children --- Primary education --- Early childhood education --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Education, Primitive --- Education of children --- Human resource development --- Instruction --- Pedagogy --- Schooling --- Students --- Youth --- Civilization --- Learning and scholarship --- Mental discipline --- Schools --- Teaching --- Training --- Compulsory education --- Compulsory school attendance --- Educational law and legislation --- High school education --- High school students --- Secondary education --- Secondary schools --- Teenagers --- High schools --- Education (Primary) --- Education (Secondary) --- Armenia (Republic) --- Economic conditions

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Zonder onderwerpscode: wereldeconomie, ontwikkelingsproblematiek

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The paper provides an up-to date and selective review of the literature on how social safety nets contribute to growth. The evidence is carefully chosen to show how safety nets have the potential to overcome constraints on growth linked to market failures, and is organized into 4 distinct pathways: i) encouraging asset accumulation by changing incentives and by addressing imperfections in financial markets caused by constraints in obtaining credit, and from information asymmetries; overcoming such failures helps households to invest into their human capital or productive assets; ii) failures in insurance markets especially in low income setting; safety nets are assisting in managing risk both ex post and ex ante; iii) safety nets are overcoming failure to create assets and other local economy complementary factors to household-level investments; iv) safety nets are shown to relax political constraints on policy. Safety nets have a dual objective of directly alleviating poverty through transfers to the poor and of triggering higher growth for the poor. However, the trade-off between the dual objectives of equity and growth is not eliminated by the potential for productive safety nets; this remains critical for designing social policies.

Banks & Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Human capital --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Pro-poor growth --- Risk and uncertainty. --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Safety nets --- Safety Nets and Transfers --- Social protection --- Transfers

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The paper provides an up-to date and selective review of the literature on how social safety nets contribute to growth. The evidence is carefully chosen to show how safety nets have the potential to overcome constraints on growth linked to market failures, and is organized into 4 distinct pathways: i) encouraging asset accumulation by changing incentives and by addressing imperfections in financial markets caused by constraints in obtaining credit, and from information asymmetries; overcoming such failures helps households to invest into their human capital or productive assets; ii) failures in insurance markets especially in low income setting; safety nets are assisting in managing risk both ex post and ex ante; iii) safety nets are overcoming failure to create assets and other local economy complementary factors to household-level investments; iv) safety nets are shown to relax political constraints on policy. Safety nets have a dual objective of directly alleviating poverty through transfers to the poor and of triggering higher growth for the poor. However, the trade-off between the dual objectives of equity and growth is not eliminated by the potential for productive safety nets; this remains critical for designing social policies.

Banks & Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Human capital --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Pro-poor growth --- Risk and uncertainty. --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Safety nets --- Safety Nets and Transfers --- Social protection --- Transfers

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This paper takes stock of labor market developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina over the period 2001-2004, using the panel Living Standards Measurement Study/Living in Bosnia and Herzegovina survey. The analysis estimates a multinomial logit model of labor market transitions by state of origin (employment, unemployment, and inactivity) following the specification of widely used models of transition probabilities, and analyzes the impact of standard covariates. The results provide strong evidence that there are indeed significant differences in labor market transitions by gender, age, education, and geographic location. Using the panel structure of the multi-topic survey data, the authors find that these transitions are related to welfare dynamics, with welfare levels evolving differently for various groups depending on their labor market trajectories. The findings show that current labor market trends reflecting women's movement out of labor markets and laid-off male workers accepting informal sector jobs characterized by low productivity will lead to adverse social outcomes. These outcomes could be averted if the planned enterprise reform program creates a more favorable business environment and leads to faster restructuring and growth of firms.

Displaced Workers --- Employment --- Informal Sector --- Jobs --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Local Labor Markets --- Male Workers --- Private Sector --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployment