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How corruption affects economic performance has been studied for over a decade. Yet the lack of detailed firm-level data has limited research regarding who is carrying the real burden of corruption. This study shows that for firms in the Latin America and Caribbean region, bribery significantly distorts firm growth. Firms that pay bribes when conducting business transactions-such as applying for permits, electricity, or water connections-have 24 percent lower annual sales growth than firms that do not face such solicitations. Moreover, these distortions are more severe for low-revenue-generating and young firms. Using the instrumental variables method, the authors show that these results are robust to different specifications and the use of different sub-samples.

Access to Finance --- Bribery --- Corruption --- Corruption & Anticorruption Law --- E-Business --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Firm growth --- Microfinance --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Latin America and Caribbean Region

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Access to finance is a key component of poverty reduction, as it enables individuals to make economic decisions that can improve their welfare. The equality of access among different groups in society is also crucial for correctly allocating the positive benefits of improved financial services. In Turkey, bank account, debit card, and credit card ownership, which can serve as the main indicators of access to finance, are at a remarkably high level. However, adjusting the coverage rate of these indicators by controlling for age, education, gender, an income reveals that gender is the main source of inequality in Turkey at the individual level. Despite the progress made in addressing the gender disparity in access to finance between 2011 and 2014, females in Turkey continue to be financially less included. Moreover, Turkey's low level of savings and high rate of informal borrowing compared with its peers diminish individuals' resilience to future shocks. Promisingly, Turkey has been able to improve its rate of savings significantly over the past few years, although it continues to be among the countries that save at a lower level.

Access to Finance --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Benchmarking --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Equity --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Human Opportunity Index --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty --- Private Sector Development

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Access to finance is a key component of poverty reduction, as it enables individuals to make economic decisions that can improve their welfare. The equality of access among different groups in society is also crucial for correctly allocating the positive benefits of improved financial services. In Turkey, bank account, debit card, and credit card ownership, which can serve as the main indicators of access to finance, are at a remarkably high level. However, adjusting the coverage rate of these indicators by controlling for age, education, gender, an income reveals that gender is the main source of inequality in Turkey at the individual level. Despite the progress made in addressing the gender disparity in access to finance between 2011 and 2014, females in Turkey continue to be financially less included. Moreover, Turkey's low level of savings and high rate of informal borrowing compared with its peers diminish individuals' resilience to future shocks. Promisingly, Turkey has been able to improve its rate of savings significantly over the past few years, although it continues to be among the countries that save at a lower level.

Access to Finance --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Benchmarking --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Equity --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Human Opportunity Index --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty --- Private Sector Development

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
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In recent years, Turkey has been host to more than two million Syrians seeking refuge. Initially concentrated in the southeastern regions, these refugees now reside throughout the country. There are many questions from policy makers regarding the impact of the population of Syrians Under Temporary Protection on the host community. This paper examines the impact of migrants on regional host communities from a poverty perspective. The paper does not find any negative impacts on poverty for the host community from the increasing population of Syrians Under Temporary Protection as of 2013, despite the high poverty rates experienced among the recent migrants.

Communities & Human Settlements --- Forced Migration --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Refugees --- Rural Poverty Reduction