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Beliefs about whether effort pays off govern some of the most fundamental choices individuals make. This paper uses China's Cultural Revolution to understand how these beliefs can be affected, how they impact behavior, and how they are transmitted across generations. During the Cultural Revolution, China's college admission system based on entrance exams was suspended for a decade until 1976, effectively depriving an entire generation of young people of the opportunity to access higher education (the "lost generation"). Using data from a nationally representative survey, we compare cohorts who graduated from high school just before and after the college entrance exam was resumed. We find that members of the "lost generation" who missed out on college because they were born just a year or two too early believe that effort pays off to a much lesser degree, even 40 years into their adulthood. However, they invested more in their children's education, and transmitted less of their changed beliefs to the next generation, suggesting attempts to safeguard their children from sharing their misfortunes.
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Curves, Algebraic. --- Projective spaces. --- Geometry, Projective. --- Courbes algébriques. --- Espaces projectifs. --- Géométrie projective. --- Courbes algébriques --- Espaces projectifs --- Géométrie projective --- Curves, Algebraic --- Projective spaces --- Geometry, Projective --- Algebraic curves --- Algebraic varieties --- Spaces, Projective --- Projective geometry --- Geometry, Modern
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This comprehensive volume covers radiopharmaceuticals developed for pathway-directed systems in imaging and theranostic applications. We now are at the cutting edge of providing personalized treatment with increased use in oncology of these new radiopharmaceuticals. Trends in high-resolution instrumentation development, quality assurance systems and regulatory compliance for radiopharmaceuticals, clinical evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals, and benefits and pitfalls of the current clinical FDG PET are discussed. Radiopharmaceuticals are used for diagnosis of diseases of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems and for staging, restaging, and treatment planning for cancers. Nuclear biomarkers allow precise measurement of molecular pathways on a whole-body image upon administration of functional radiolabeled agents, and nuclear imaging agents have potential use in patient selection, pharmacokinetic, dosage-finding, and proof-of-concept studies. Nuclear imaging agents and hybrid instrumentation also provide sensitive and specific answers for differential responsiveness in therapeutic outcome. This book serves as a reference for moving the discovery and development of radiopharmaceuticals from the workbench to clinical applications. It thus benefits not only clinicians but also translational research scientists—molecular biologists, chemists, imaging scientists, pharmaceutical developers, physicists, and support staff.
Nuclear medicine. --- Oncology . --- Nuclear Medicine. --- Oncology.
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This comprehensive volume covers radiopharmaceuticals developed for pathway-directed systems in imaging and theranostic applications. We now are at the cutting edge of providing personalized treatment with increased use in oncology of these new radiopharmaceuticals. Trends in high-resolution instrumentation development, quality assurance systems and regulatory compliance for radiopharmaceuticals, clinical evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals, and benefits and pitfalls of the current clinical FDG PET are discussed. Radiopharmaceuticals are used for diagnosis of diseases of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems and for staging, restaging, and treatment planning for cancers. Nuclear biomarkers allow precise measurement of molecular pathways on a whole-body image upon administration of functional radiolabeled agents, and nuclear imaging agents have potential use in patient selection, pharmacokinetic, dosage-finding, and proof-of-concept studies. Nuclear imaging agents and hybrid instrumentation also provide sensitive and specific answers for differential responsiveness in therapeutic outcome. This book serves as a reference for moving the discovery and development of radiopharmaceuticals from the workbench to clinical applications. It thus benefits not only clinicians but also translational research scientists—molecular biologists, chemists, imaging scientists, pharmaceutical developers, physicists, and support staff.
Oncology. Neoplasms --- Physical methods for diagnosis --- oncologie --- medische beeldvorming --- moleculaire biologie
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This comprehensive volume covers radiopharmaceuticals developed for pathway-directed systems in imaging and theranostic applications. We now are at the cutting edge of providing personalized treatment with increased use in oncology of these new radiopharmaceuticals. Trends in high-resolution instrumentation development, quality assurance systems and regulatory compliance for radiopharmaceuticals, clinical evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals, and benefits and pitfalls of the current clinical FDG PET are discussed. Radiopharmaceuticals are used for diagnosis of diseases of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems and for staging, restaging, and treatment planning for cancers. Nuclear biomarkers allow precise measurement of molecular pathways on a whole-body image upon administration of functional radiolabeled agents, and nuclear imaging agents have potential use in patient selection, pharmacokinetic, dosage-finding, and proof-of-concept studies. Nuclear imaging agents and hybrid instrumentation also provide sensitive and specific answers for differential responsiveness in therapeutic outcome. This book serves as a reference for moving the discovery and development of radiopharmaceuticals from the workbench to clinical applications. It thus benefits not only clinicians but also translational research scientists—molecular biologists, chemists, imaging scientists, pharmaceutical developers, physicists, and support staff.
Nuclear medicine. --- Oncology . --- Nuclear Medicine. --- Oncology.
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This comprehensive volume covers radiopharmaceuticals developed for pathway-directed systems in imaging and theranostic applications. We now are at the cutting edge of providing personalized treatment with increased use in oncology of these new radiopharmaceuticals. Trends in high-resolution instrumentation development, quality assurance systems and regulatory compliance for radiopharmaceuticals, clinical evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals, and benefits and pitfalls of the current clinical FDG PET are discussed. Radiopharmaceuticals are used for diagnosis of diseases of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems and for staging, restaging, and treatment planning for cancers. Nuclear biomarkers allow precise measurement of molecular pathways on a whole-body image upon administration of functional radiolabeled agents, and nuclear imaging agents have potential use in patient selection, pharmacokinetic, dosage-finding, and proof-of-concept studies. Nuclear imaging agents and hybrid instrumentation also provide sensitive and specific answers for differential responsiveness in therapeutic outcome. This book serves as a reference for moving the discovery and development of radiopharmaceuticals from the workbench to clinical applications. It thus benefits not only clinicians but also translational research scientists—molecular biologists, chemists, imaging scientists, pharmaceutical developers, physicists, and support staff.
Nuclear medicine. --- Oncology . --- Nuclear Medicine. --- Oncology.
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Accounting --- Auditing
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The decision to protest is strategic: an individual's participation is a function of her beliefs about others' turnout. Models of protest often assume strategic complementarity; however, the challenge of collective action suggests strategic substitutability. We conduct the first field experiment directly manipulating individuals' beliefs about others' protest participation, in the context of Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement. We elicit university students' planned participation in an upcoming protest and their prior beliefs about others' participation, in an incentivized manner. One day before the protest, we randomly provide a subset of subjects with truthful information about others' protest plans, and elicit posterior beliefs about protest turnout, again in an incentivized manner. This allows us to identify the causal effects of positively and negatively updated beliefs about others' protest participation on subjects' turnout. We consistently find evidence of strategic substitutes. Analysis of control group subjects and survey evidence reinforce our experimental findings.
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