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This book presents a state-of-the-art report on recent advances concerning Ganoderma and where the field is going. Although some older work is also cited, the main focus is on advances made over the past 20 years in the research history, classification, chemical components and industry of Ganoderma. Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to maintain health and to treat diseases for more than two thousand years. Recently, its value has been demonstrated in preventing and treating certain diseases, such as tumors, liver disorders, renal injury, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, cerebral ischemia reperfusion, bronchitis etc. In addition, laboratory and clinical studies have confirmed that the chemical components of Ganoderma, such as Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides and triterpenes isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum, produce diverse pharmacological effects. Ganoderma and its components play an important part in antioxidant stress, radical-scavenging, immunomodulation, and intracellular signaling regulation, and accordingly warrant further study. This book systematically reviews the latest advances in our understanding of Ganoderma’s basic knowledge, history of modern research, species, cultivation, components, spore polysaccharide and industry of Ganoderma, and offers researchers and graduate students valuable new insights into the development and clinical applications of Ganoderma and related products.

Pharmacology. --- Molecular biology. --- Cancer research. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Cancer Research. --- Ganoderma. --- Ganodermataceae --- Cancer research --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemicals --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect --- Medicina tradicional --- Xina --- Etnomedicina --- Folklore mèdic --- Medicina aborigen --- Medicina primitiva --- Folklore --- Medicina alternativa --- Curanderes --- Curanderos --- Antropologia mèdica --- Medicina popular --- Cathay --- China --- República de la Xina (1912-1949) --- República Popular de la Xina --- República Popular Xina --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Xina (República : 1912-1949) --- Àsia oriental --- Canton (Xina) --- Guangdong (Xina) --- Hainan (Xina : Sheng) --- Henan (Xina : Sheng) --- Hong Kong (Xina) --- Macau (Xina : Regió administrativa especial) --- Iang-Tsé (Xina : Curs d'aigua) --- Manxúria (Xina : Regió) --- Mongòlia Interior (Xina : Zizhiqu) --- Pequín (Xina) --- Sichuan (Xina : Sheng) --- Xinjiang (Xina : Regió) --- Xangai (Xina) --- Yunnan (Xina : Sheng) --- Brahmaputra (Àsia : Curs d'aigua) --- Tibet (Xina) --- Cancer --- Research. --- Xina.

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The mechanisms and physiological functions of urea transport across biological membranes are subjects of long-standing interest. Recent advances in the molecular biology and physiology of urea transport have yielded new insights into how and why urea moves across cell membranes. In the last two decades, seven facilitated urea transporters (UT-A1-6 and UT-B) have been cloned, and their gene organization, protein crystal structure, expression localization and physiological functions in the tissues have been described. In recent years, the studies in urea transporter knockout mouse models suggest that urea transporters may be useful targets for drug discovery of selective inhibitors. The modulation of urea transport activity by pharmacological agents may provide novel treatments for hypertension, congestive heart failure and other fluid-retaining states. However, although urea represents about 40% of all urinary solutes in normal human urine, the handling of this solute in the tissues has been largely neglected in the past, and few clinical or experimental studies now report data about urea. Most recent physiological textbooks include chapters on water and electrolyte physiology but not a single chapter on urea. Our aim in writing this book is to stimulate further research in new directions by providing novel and provocative insights into further mechanisms and the physiological significance of urea metabolism and transport in mammals. The book provides a state-of-the-art report on the latest findings on urea transport and where the field is going. Although some older work is cited, the main focus is on advances made over the past 20 years with regard to the biophysics, genetics, protein structure, molecular biology, physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology of urea transport in mammalian cell membranes. These aspects are especially valid, as advances in our understanding of urea transporting mechanisms and physiology promise to yield new insights into biology and medicine.

Urea. --- Kidneys. --- Carbamide --- Metabolism --- Nitrogen excretion --- Urine --- Abdomen --- Urinary organs --- Nephrology --- Analysis --- Biochemistry. --- Medical genetics. --- Human physiology. --- Toxicology. --- Cell membranes. --- Protein Science. --- Gene Function. --- Human Physiology. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Membrane Biology. --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Human body --- Clinical genetics --- Diseases --- Heredity of disease --- Human genetics --- Pathology --- Genetic disorders --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Cell surfaces --- Cytoplasmic membranes --- Plasma membranes --- Plasmalemma --- Membranes (Biology) --- Glycocalyces --- Chemicals --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Genetic aspects --- Composition --- Toxicology --- Proteins . --- Pharmacology. --- Cell membranes . --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Proteids --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics --- Physiological effect

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This book provides a state-of-the-art report on our current understanding of aquaporins and the future direction of the field. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a group of water-channel proteins that are specifically permeable to water and other small molecules, such as glycerol and urea. To date thirteen water-channel proteins (AQP0 – AQP12) have been cloned and the mechanisms and physiological functions of water transport across biological membranes have long been the subject of interest. Recent advances in the molecular biology and physiology of water transport have yielded new insights into how and why water moves across cell membranes, and studies on aquaporin knockout mouse models suggest that aquaporins are involved in the development of some diseases and they may be useful targets of research into selective-inhibitor drugs. By focusing on the advances made over the last 30 years in the biophysics, genetics, protein structure, molecular biology, physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology of aquaporins in mammalian cell membranes, this book provides novel insights into further mechanisms and the physiological significance of water and some small molecule transport in mammals in order to stimulate further research in new directions. In the second version, fourteen chapters will be updated base on the most recent research articles. Ten new chapters will be added.

Chemistry --- Histology. Cytology --- History of human medicine --- Human physiology --- celmembranen --- farmacologie --- fysiologie --- proteïnen --- Pharmacology. --- Proteins. --- Human physiology. --- Biological transport. --- Cell membranes. --- Protein Biochemistry. --- Human Physiology. --- Membrane Trafficking.

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