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Illusory Gains from Chile's Targeted School Voucher Experiment
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Year: 2017 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research

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In 2008, Chile implemented a targeted voucher program that increased voucher values for disadvantaged students at participating schools by approximately 50%. Although disadvantaged students made substantial fourth grade test score gains that other studies have attributed to the program, our analysis raises serious doubts that the program had a substantial effect on cognitive skills. First, there was only a minor reduction in class size and little evidence of increases in any inputs. An audit showed that many schools were not using additional revenues for permitted expenditures, and estimates that exploit a discontinuity in the revenues allocated to schools show no evidence of positive effects of allocated funds on achievement growth. In addition, there is limited evidence of competitive or incentive effects on school quality or that disadvantaged students transitioned to higher quality schools. The much smaller gains made by disadvantaged students in low-stakes eighth grade test scores along with an increased rate of missing scores on fourth grade tests is consistent with extensive strategic behavior by schools. In contrast, increases in parental education and income among disadvantaged children indicate a primary role for improvements in family circumstances of tested students in explaining the meaningful decline in the achievement gap.


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Deep Learning for Dialogue Systems.
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ISBN: 1638280231 Year: 2022 Publisher: Norwell, MA : Now Publishers,

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This monograph presents lessons and experiences of how to establish relevant, coherent, diverse, knowledgeable, and human-like chit-chat systems.


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Illusory Gains from Chile's Targeted School Voucher Experiment
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2017 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research

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Abstract

In 2008, Chile implemented a targeted voucher program that increased voucher values for disadvantaged students at participating schools by approximately 50%. Although disadvantaged students made substantial fourth grade test score gains that other studies have attributed to the program, our analysis raises serious doubts that the program had a substantial effect on cognitive skills. First, there was only a minor reduction in class size and little evidence of increases in any inputs. An audit showed that many schools were not using additional revenues for permitted expenditures, and estimates that exploit a discontinuity in the revenues allocated to schools show no evidence of positive effects of allocated funds on achievement growth. In addition, there is limited evidence of competitive or incentive effects on school quality or that disadvantaged students transitioned to higher quality schools. The much smaller gains made by disadvantaged students in low-stakes eighth grade test scores along with an increased rate of missing scores on fourth grade tests is consistent with extensive strategic behavior by schools. In contrast, increases in parental education and income among disadvantaged children indicate a primary role for improvements in family circumstances of tested students in explaining the meaningful decline in the achievement gap.

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Les routines discursives dans le discours scientifique oral et écrit

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Dans la vie quotidienne, nous utilisons des formules routinières tellement banales et automatiques que nous ne les remarquons plus. Ce type d’automatismes se retrouve aussi dans des genres de discours moins spontanés, tels les articles de recherche, les thèses ou encore dans les formes de communication orales ou mixtes propres aux chercheurs. Les routines servent, par exemple à revendiquer un héritage ou une filiation, à se démarquer du point de vue d’autrui, à attirer l’attention sur un passage de son exposé ou de sa démonstration, à renvoyer vers un autre endroit du texte ou une source externe. Le présent ouvrage, qui fonde ses analyses sur des bases de données et des corpus électroniques développés dans plusieurs projets de grande envergure, fournit un socle empirique solide aux recherches présentées. Il vise à permettre l’identification et la modélisation des routines du discours scientifique, objets linguistiques encore peu traités par la linguistique outillée.


Digital
Phraséologie et terminologie

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Linguistics


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Des corpus numériques à l’analyse linguistique en langues de spécialité

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Les travaux menés sur les langues de spécialité et en linguistique de corpus ont profondément modifié le rapport aux textes spécialisés, faisant émerger de nouvelles problématiques et pistes de recherche. Dans un contexte renouvelé d’accès aux données numériques, écrites ou orales, la dynamique d’analyse de corpus a bénéficié à un large spectre de domaines, intégrant les sciences humaines par-delà les domaines traditionnellement dévolus aux langues de spécialité. Par une sélection de contributions originales et variées, cet ouvrage illustre la diversité des approches et des applications en langues de spécialité, convoquant des thématiques liées à la constitution, l’annotation et l’exploitation de corpus autour d’analyses lexicales, phraséologiques, syntaxiques et sémantiques de textes et de discours spécialisés. Les 13 contributions rassemblées dans cet ouvrage s’attachent à caractériser des genres textuels spécifiques (article scientifique, article de presse, encyclopédie, guide touristique, réunions d’entreprise ou vidéos) et explorer des problématiques relevant de la construction de ressources lexicales, de la didactique des langues, ou bien encore de la terminologie et de la traduction, à l’aune des derniers développements de la linguistique de corpus.

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