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The development of the OECD?s input-output database started over a decade ago and is currently undergoing its second update. Over the years, the database has been used in a number of analytical applications both within and outside the OECD. Two major applications within the OECD concerned the analysis of the diffusion of embodied technology and, more recently, the measurement of carbon dioxide emissions embodied in the international trade of goods. The latest update is being conducted as part of an OECD project looking at global value chains. This paper describes how the database has developed over the last decade, both from a collection and a compilation...

Science and Technology

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The past decades have witnessed a rapid globalisation of economic activity which has significantly changed the outlook of the world economy. International production, trade and investments are increasingly organised within so-called global value chains (GVCs) where the different stages in the production process are located across different economies. Until now, GVCs have been largely discussed from a conceptual and theoretical view, but empirical work on international fragmentation has stayed a bit behind.The review of the available data and indicators on GVCs in this paper shows the increasing importance of GVCs in today's global economy, but at the same time clearly highlights some major shortcomings. While the empirical evidence based on trade data is less convincing, Input-Output data clearly reveal the growing spread of international production networks. Indicators on imported intermediates, offshoring and vertical specialisation all illustrate the growing fragmentation of production across more economies. Trade data seem to show the increasing importance of GVCs only in an indirect way but the existing trade data are not detailed enough and are not collected on the right level of analysis to analyse the international fragmentation and GVCs. Policy makers show an increasing interest in GVCs because of the pervasive effects GVCs have on national economies and are especially looking for more and better policy evidence. Important policy issues like the impact of GVCs on the competitiveness of countries and attractiveness for international investments can only be addressed by new and better metrics. The OECD is developing new empirical evidence studying the emergence of GVCs based on international trade data and Input-Output data. In addition, the OECD is currently cooperating with other international agencies and academic experts to develop new metrics for GVCs, for example data on trade in value added.

Science and Technology --- Industry and Services

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L'une des principales caractéristiques de la mondialisation à l'oeuvre actuellement est l'émergence de chaînes de valeur mondiales. Le long de ces chaînes et à l'intérieur des réseaux de production internationaux, ce sont non seulement des biens finals qui font l'objet d'échanges internationaux, mais également de plus en plus des biens intermédiaires (pièces et composants) et, ces dernières années, des services. Cette évolution modifie en profondeur les relations économiques entre les pays et remet de plus en plus en question les indicateurs empiriques comme ceux du commerce et de l'IDE qui sont habituellement utilisés pour mesurer la mondialisation. Les tableaux d'entrées-sorties peuvent permettre d'affiner la description de la mondialisation en cours car ils renseignent sur les biens d'après leur utilisation au lieu de proposer des classifications arbitraires qui les subdivisent en biens intermédiaires et d'autres catégories. De plus, les tableaux d'entrées-sorties contiennent de l'information sur l'utilisation des services, ce qui permet de mesurer la délocalisation croissante des services dans les activités des entreprises aujourd'hui. À partir de la base de données entrées-sorties de l'OCDE, qui comprend des tableaux harmonisés pour 38 pays (dont 10 pays émergents non membres de l'Organisation), le présent document rassemble des données concrètes sur l'importance croissante des chaînes de valeur mondiales et l'interdépendance de plus en plus étroite des pays. Des indicateurs d'entrées-sorties sont présentés pour les différents pays et industries, dans le but de démontrer l'évolution des caractéristiques de la mondialisation que nous observons actuellement.

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One of the distinctive characteristics of the current globalisation process is the emergence of global value chains. Within global value chains and international production networks, not only are final goods traded internationally, but intermediate goods (parts and components) and, in recent years, services also increasingly are. This trend significantly alters the economic relations between countries and increasingly casts doubt on empirical indicators such as trade and FDI that are traditionally used to measure globalisation. Input-output tables may provide much finer detail in describing current globalisation as they offer information on the use of goods instead of the rather arbitrary classification schemes that divide goods into intermediate and other categories. Moreover, input-output tables also incorporate information on the use of services, enabling measurement of the increasing offshoring of service activities in today's business activities. Based on the OECD Input-Output Database, which includes harmonised tables for 38 countries (of which 10 emerging non-OECD economies), this paper brings together empirical evidence on the growing importance of global value chains and the increasing interdependence between countries. Input-output indicators are presented for individual countries and individual industries, aiming to demonstrate the changing characteristics of current globalisation.

Science and Technology

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One of the distinctive characteristics of the current globalisation process is the emergence of global value chains. Within global value chains and international production networks, not only are final goods traded internationally, but intermediate goods (parts and components) and, in recent years, services also increasingly are. This trend significantly alters the economic relations between countries and increasingly casts doubt on empirical indicators such as trade and FDI that are traditionally used to measure globalisation. Input-output tables may provide much finer detail in describing current globalisation as they offer information on the use of goods instead of the rather arbitrary classification schemes that divide goods into intermediate and other categories. Moreover, input-output tables also incorporate information on the use of services, enabling measurement of the increasing offshoring of service activities in today's business activities. Based on the OECD Input-Output Database, which includes harmonised tables for 38 countries (of which 10 emerging non-OECD economies), this paper brings together empirical evidence on the growing importance of global value chains and the increasing interdependence between countries. Input-output indicators are presented for individual countries and individual industries, aiming to demonstrate the changing characteristics of current globalisation.

Science and Technology