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This book reviews the potential mechanisms in arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs), in the hope that this can help arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to be more used efficiently as a biostimulant to enhance stress tolerance in the host plants. AMF, as well as plants, are often exposed to all or many of the abiotic and biotic stresses, including extreme temperatures, pH, drought, water-logging, toxic metals and soil pathogens. Studies have indicated a quick response to these stresses involving several mechanisms, such as root morphological modification, reactive oxygen species change, osmotic adjustment, direct absorption of water by extraradical hyphae, up-regulated expression of relevant stressed genes, glomalin-related soil protein release, etc. The underlying complex, multi-dimensional strategy is involved in morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. The AMF responses are often associated with homeostatic regulation of the internal and external environment, and are therefore critical for plant health, survival and restoration in native ecosystems and good soil structure.

Life sciences. --- Microbiology. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Soil science. --- Soil conservation. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Sciences. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. --- Plants --- Effect of stress on. --- Plants, Effect of stress on --- AM fungi --- AMF (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) --- Arbuscular mycorrhizae --- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi --- Arbuscular mycorrhizas --- VA mycorrhizas --- Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza --- Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae --- Stress (Physiology) --- Endomycorrhizas --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Soils --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Natural history --- Control --- Prevention --- Conservation --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Agriculture --- Earth sciences --- Floristic botany

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This book provides a comprehensive overview of the benefits of biofertilizers as an alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Agricultural production has increased massively over the last century due to increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, but these gains have come at a price. The chemicals are not only expensive; they also reduce microbial activity in agricultural soils and accumulate in the food chain, with potentially harmful effects for humans. Accordingly, it is high time to explore alternatives and to find solutions to overcome our increasing dependence on these chemicals. Biofertilizers, which consist of plant remains, organic matter and microorganisms, might offer an alternative. They are natural, organic, biodegradable, eco-friendly and cost-effective. Further, the microbes present in the biofertilizers are important, because they produce nutrients required for plant growth (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), as well as substances essential for plant growth and development (e.g., auxins and cytokinins). Biofertilizers also improve the physical properties, fertility and productivity of soil, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers while maintaining high crop yield. This makes biofertilizers a powerful tool for sustainable agriculture and a sustainable environment. The book covers the latest research on biofertilizers, ranging from beneficial fungal, bacterial and algal inoculants; to microbes for bioremediation, wastewater treatment; and recycling of biodegradable municipal, agricultural and industrial waste; as well as biocontrol agents and bio-pesticides. As such, it offers a valuable resource for researchers, academics and students in the broad fields of microbiology and agriculture.

Biofertilizers. --- Microbiology. --- Botany. --- Biotechnology. --- Ecology. --- Microbial ecology. --- Forests and forestry. --- Plant Sciences. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Microbial Ecology. --- Forestry. --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Environmental microbiology --- Microorganisms --- Ecology --- Microbiology --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Natural history --- Plants --- Microbial biology --- Plant science. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Floristic botany --- Physical geography. --- Plant Science. --- Earth System Sciences. --- Geography

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General microbiology --- Pedology --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- bodemkunde --- landbouw --- microbiologie