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The industrial revolution transformed the productive power of societies. It did so by vastly increasing the individual productivity, thus delivering whole populations from poverty. In this new account by one of the world's acknowledged authorities the central issue is not simply how the revolution began but still more why it did not quickly end. The answer lay in the use of a new source of energy. Pre-industrial societies had access only to very limited energy supplies. As long as mechanical energy came principally from human or animal muscle and heat energy from wood, the maximum attainable level of productivity was bound to be low. Exploitation of a new source of energy in the form of coal provided an escape route from the constraints of an organic economy but also brought novel dangers. Since this happened first in England, its experience has a special fascination, though other countries rapidly followed suit.

History of the United Kingdom and Ireland --- anno 1800-1899 --- Révolution industrielle --- --Angleterre --- --Énergie --- --Histoire économique et sociale --- --Industrie --- --Power resources --- Coal trade --- Industrial revolution --- Charbon --- Ressources énergétiques --- History. --- Commerce --- History --- 620.9 <41> --- 338 <09> <41> --- Economics of energy in general--Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland --- Economische geschiedenis--Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland --- Power resources --- 338 <09> <41> Economische geschiedenis--Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland --- Energy --- Energy resources --- Power supply --- Natural resources --- Energy harvesting --- Energy industries --- Coal industry --- Fuel trade --- Énergie --- Histoire économique et sociale --- Industrie --- Power resources - Great Britain - History. --- Coal trade - Great Britain - History. --- Industrial revolution - Great Britain. --- Révolution industrielle - Grande-Bretagne --- Charbon - Commerce - Grande-Bretagne - History --- Ressources énergétiques - Grande-Bretagne - History --- Angleterre

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By the early nineteenth century England was very different economically from its continental neighbours. It was wealthier, growing more rapidly, more heavily urbanised, and far less dependent upon agriculture. A generation ago it was normal to attribute these differences to the 'industrial revolution' and to suppose that this was mainly the product of recent change, but no longer. Current estimates suggest only slow growth during the period from 1760-1840. This implies that the economy was much larger and more advanced by 1760 than had previously been supposed and suggests that growth in the preceding century or two must have been decisive in bringing about the 'divergence' of England. Sir E. A. Wrigley, the leading historian of industrial Britain, here examines the issues which arise in this connection from three viewpoints: economic growth; the transformation of the urban-rural balance; and demographic change in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

History of the United Kingdom and Ireland --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Cities and towns --- Industrial revolution --- Growth --- History --- England --- Economic conditions --- Population --- Arts and Humanities --- Economic conditions. --- History. --- Revolution, Industrial --- Economic history --- Social history --- Global cities --- Municipalities --- Towns --- Urban areas --- Urban systems --- Human settlements --- Sociology, Urban --- Growth&delete& --- Angleterre --- Anglii︠a︡ --- Inghilterra --- Engeland --- Inglaterra --- Anglija --- England and Wales

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Before the industrial revolution prolonged economic growth was unachievable. All economies were organic, dependent on plant photosynthesis to provide food, raw materials, and energy. This was true both of heat energy, derived from burning wood, and mechanical energy provided chiefly by human and animal muscle. The flow of energy from the sun captured by plant photosynthesis was the basis of all production and consumption. Britain began to escape the old restrictions by making increasing use of the vast stock of energy contained in coal measures, initially as a source of heat energy but eventually also of mechanical energy, thus making possible the industrial revolution. In this concise and accessible account of change between the reigns of Elizabeth I and Victoria, Wrigley describes how during this period Britain moved from the economic periphery of Europe to becoming briefly the world's leading economy, forging a path rapidly emulated by its competitors.

Energy development --- Industrial revolution --- Economic history. --- Energy development. --- Industrial revolution. --- Rural conditions. --- Industriella revolutionen. --- Industrialisering --- Historia. --- Bevölkerungswachstum. --- Energieerzeugung. --- Wirtschaftsentwicklung. --- Wirtschaftswachstum. --- historia. --- 1500-1800. --- 1800-talet. --- England --- Storbritannien. --- England. --- Economic conditions. --- History of the United Kingdom and Ireland --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- Energy resources development --- Energy source development --- Power resources development --- Power resources

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History