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Venedig war im 18. Jahrhundert nicht nur ein Zentrum des Theatergeschehens, sondern zugleich Mittelpunkt lebendiger Theaterdiskussionen. Der sogenannte venezianische Theaterstreit mit den Protagonisten Carlo Goldoni und Carlo Gozzi erscheint in der Literatur- und Theatergeschichtsschreibung vielfach in Form einer vereinfachenden Reproduktion der Polemik. Das überwiegend kritisch-negative Gozzi-Bild korreliert mit einer einseitigen Hochschätzung Goldonis und der von ihm propagierten Theaterreform, wird dagegen Gozzi als Retter der Commedia dell ́arte verehrt, gilt Goldoni als ihr Totengräber. Die vorliegende Studie versucht, derartige Vorurteile aufzubrechen und Carlo Gozzis Fiabe teatrali als veritablen Gegenentwurf zu Goldonis Komödien und zum aufklärerischen Drama zu verstehen. Auf dem Hintergrund des italienischen Theaterkontexts im 18. Jahrhundert und der venezianischen Theaterszene der Zeit treten die Besonderheit der Märchenstücke und das Anliegen Gozzis deutlich zutage. Mit den Grundkonstituenten Märchen und Commedia dell ́arte wenden sich die Fiabe teatrali gegen ein Theater, das die Wirklichkeitsnähe betont und einen Nützlichkeitsanspruch verfolgt. Die Verbindung der wirklichkeitsfernen Elemente erfolgt in einer Art ars combinatoria, die auf Kontraststrukturen basiert und den artifiziellen Charakter unterstreicht. Damit tritt die Autonomie der theatralen Wirklichkeit hervor, und die Einbildungskraft wird zum entscheidenden Faktor. Das Märchenhafte wird allerdings zweifach an die Erfahrungswirklichkeit rückgebunden: zum einen finden sich in der Maskenrede direkte Verweise auf die nicht-theatrale Wirklichkeit, zum anderen scheinen in der Bühnenillusion Wahrheiten auf, die in der diskursiven Diskussion verborgen bleiben. So eröffnet das neue dramatische Genus der Fiabe teatrali die Möglichkeit, auf den Konstruktcharakter von Wirklichkeit hinzudeuten und die Problematik der Erkenntnis von Wahrheit in Szene zu setzen. In the eighteenth century, Venice was not only a center of theatre life but also a center for discussion about theatre. In literary and theatre history the well-known Venetian theatrical dispute, with its protagonists Carlo Goldoni and Carlo Gozzi, seem to provoke a simplistic reproduction of the polemics. A predominantly negative image of Gozzi is correlated with an appreciation of Goldoni and his dramaturgical reform, whereas while Gozzi is considered the savior of the commedia dell ́arte, Goldoni appears as ist grave-digger. This study tries to break open such prejudice, reading Gozzi ́s "Fiabe teatrali" as a veritable counterpoint to Goldoni ́s comedies and Enlightenment drama. Against the background of Italian theatre in the 18th century and contemporary Venetian theatricality, Gozzi ́s intention, as well as the special characteristics of his tales for the theatre, becomes evident. Using fairy tales and commedia dell ́arte as basic constituents for his "Fiabe teatrali", Gozzi responds to a theatre that emphasizes the reflection of everyday life and follows the concept of utility. The combination of elements are distanced from reality in a way that resembles an ars combinatoria, based on a structure of contrasts that underlines its artificial character. This displays the autonomy of theatrical reality and the importance of imagination. However, the fairy tale illusion refers back to reality in two ways: on the one hand the traditional masks comment directly current events, on the other hand theatrical illusion indirectly reveals truth that remains secret in discourse. As a new dramatic genre the "Fiabe teatrali" open the possibility to reflect on the constructed character of reality and to set on stage the problematic nature of the perception of truth.
Italian drama --- Gozzi, Carlo, --- Carlo Gozzi --- Italian theatre --- fairy tales --- commedia dell´arte --- illusion --- Enligthenment --- Harlekin --- Märchen --- Pantalone --- Polemik --- Theologische Realenzyklopädie --- Venedig
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General ecology and biosociology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Forestry --- biodiversiteit --- milieutechnologie --- bossen
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Forest biodiversity is crucial to the ecological, economic, and social well-being of earth's civilisations. Unfortunately, however, forest biodiversity is threatened to a serious degree in nearly all countries. Therefore, many countries have agreed to be parties to international agreements focused on maintaining, restoring, and monitoring biodiversity; further, these countries have agreed to report to international bodies on forest biodiversity status and trends. NFIs are the primary source of large-scale information available for this purpose, but the large variety of definitions, protocols, sampling designs, and plot configurations used by NFIs makes comparable international reporting extremely difficult. This book presents the results of Working Group 3 of COST Action E43 in the development of harmonization techniques for common reporting of estimates of forest biodiversity indicators using NFI data. Harmonization tests were carried out on a large common data base containing raw NFI data from 13 European countries and the USA. With its collection of practical examples for the estimation of forest biodiversity indicators, it's a practical tool for anyone involved in forest inventories and in forest resource monitoring and management as well as for those involved in biodiversity assessment and reporting.
General ecology and biosociology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Forestry --- biodiversiteit --- milieutechnologie --- bossen
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liederen --- anno 1900-1999 --- Germany
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Forest biodiversity is crucial to the ecological, economic, and social well-being of earth’s civilisations. Unfortunately, however, forest biodiversity is threatened to a serious degree in nearly all countries. Therefore, many countries have agreed to be parties to international agreements focused on maintaining, restoring, and monitoring biodiversity; further, these countries have agreed to report to international bodies on forest biodiversity status and trends. NFIs are the primary source of large-scale information available for this purpose, but the large variety of definitions, protocols, sampling designs, and plot configurations used by NFIs makes comparable international reporting extremely difficult. This book presents the results of Working Group 3 of COST Action E43 in the development of harmonization techniques for common reporting of estimates of forest biodiversity indicators using NFI data. Harmonization tests were carried out on a large common data base containing raw NFI data from 13 European countries and the USA. With its collection of practical examples for the estimation of forest biodiversity indicators, it’s a practical tool for anyone involved in forest inventories and in forest resource monitoring and management as well as for those involved in biodiversity assessment and reporting.
Forest biodiversity -- Monitoring. --- Forest management. --- Forest surveys. --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Forestry --- Forest biodiversity. --- Forest policy. --- Forest management --- Forest resource policy --- Forests and forestry --- State and forestry --- Diversity, Forest biological --- Forest biological diversity --- Forest diversity --- Government policy --- Life sciences. --- Biodiversity. --- Forestry. --- Life Sciences. --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis. --- Forests and forestry. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Trees --- Environmental monitoring. --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Measurement --- Monitoring
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